4400 Health Systems Protection

1.0 Definitions

1.1 The following definitions shall apply to these regulations:

"Action Level" means the concentration of lead or copper in water specified in Section 6.1.7.1.1.1 & 6.1.7.1.1.2 which determines, in some cases, the treatment requirements contained in Section 6.1.7 that a water system is required to complete.

"Alpha Particle" means a particle identical with a helium nucleus, emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive element.

"Approved" means approved by the Division.

"Best Available Technology (BAT)" means the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means which the Division finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, are available (taking cost into consideration). For the purposes of setting maximum contaminant levels for synthetic organic chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated carbon.

"Beta Particle" means a particle identical with an electron, emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive element.

“Capacity” means the overall capability of a water system to reliably produce and deliver water meeting all national primary drinking water regulations. Capacity encompasses the technical, managerial, and financial capabilities that will enable a water system to plan for, achieve, and maintain compliance with applicable drinking water standards.

"Coagulation" means a process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by which colloidal and suspended materials are de-stabilized and agglomerated into flocks.

"California Group" means all organisms considered in the coliform group as set forth in the current edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water prepared and published jointly by the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation.

"Compliance Cycle" means the nine-year calendar year cycle during which public water systems must monitor. Each compliance cycle consists of three three-year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle begins January 1, 1993 and ends December 31, 2001; the second begins January 1, 2002 and ends December 31, 2010, the third begins January 1, 2011 and ends December 31, 2019.

"Compliance Period" means a three-year calendar year period within a compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first compliance period runs from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995; the second from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998, and the third from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2001.

“Comprehensive Performance Evaluation (CPE)” means a thorough review and analysis of a treatment plant's performance-based capabilities and associated administrative, operation and maintenance practices. It is conducted to identify factors that may be adversely impacting a plant's capability to achieve compliance and emphasizes approaches that can be implemented without significant capital improvements. The comprehensive performance evaluation must consist of at least the following components: Assessment of plant performance; evaluation of major unit processes; identification and prioritization of performance limiting factors; assessment of the applicability of comprehensive technical assistance; and preparation of a CPE report.

"Confluent Growth" means a continuous bacterial growth covering the entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete.

"Consecutive Water Supply" means a public water system that obtains all of its water from, but is not owned or operated by, a public water system to which such Regulations apply and alters the purchased water by some type of treatment, resells the purchased water to its customer, or furnishes water to an interstate carrier. The Division may opt to accept a consecutive supply as a single system for monitoring purposes.

"Contaminant" means any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substance or matter in water.

"Conventional Filtration Treatment" means a series of processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration resulting in substantial particulate removal.

"Corrosion Inhibitor" means a substance capable of reducing the corrosivity of water toward metal plumbing materials, especially lead and copper, by forming a protective film on the interior surface of those materials.

"CT or CTcalc" means the product of the residual disinfectant concentration (C) (22.161) in milligrams per liter (mg/L) determined before or at the first customer, and the corresponding disinfectant contact time (T) (22.120) in minutes, i.e. "C" X "T". If a public water system applies disinfectants at more than one (1) point prior to the first customer, it must determine the CT of each disinfectant sequence before or at the first customer to determine the total percent inactivation or total inactivation ratio. In determining the total inactivation ratio, the public water system must determine the residual disinfectant concentration of each disinfection sequence and corresponding contact time before any subsequent disinfection application point(s). CT99.9 is the CT value required for 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts. The inactivation ratio is the CTcalc divided by the CT99.9 and the total inactivation ratio is the sum of the inactivation ratios for each disinfection sequence. A total inactivation ratio equal to or greater than 1.0 is assumed to provide a 3-log inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts.

"Diatomaceous Earth Filtration" means a process resulting in substantial particulate removal in which a precoat cake of diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrane (septum), and while the water is filtered by passing through the cake on the septum, additional filter media known as body feed is continuously added to the feed water to maintain the permeability of the filter cake.

"Direct Filtration" means a series of processes including coagulation and filtration but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial particulate removal.

"Direct Responsible Charge" means accountability for and performance of active, daily, on-site operational duties.

"Disinfectant" means any oxidant, including but not limited to chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and ozone added to water in any part of the treatment or distribution process, that is intended to kill or inactivate pathogens (disease causing organisms).

"Disinfectant Contact Time (T)" means the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application or the previous point of disinfectant residual measurement to a point before or at the point where residual disinfectant concentration (C) is measured. Where only one (1) "C" is measured, "T" is the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application to a point before or at where residual disinfectant concentration (C) is measured. Where more than one (1) "C" is measured, "T" is for the first measurement of "C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the first or only point of disinfectant application to a point before or at the point where the first "C" is measured and for subsequent measurements of "C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the previous "C" measurement point to the "C" measurement point for which the particular "T" is being calculated. Disinfectant contact time in pipelines must be calculated based on plug flow by dividing the internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate through that pipe. Disinfectant contact time within mixing basins and storage reservoirs must be determined by tracer studies or an equivalent demonstration.

"Disinfection" means a process which inactivates pathogenic organisms in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent agents.

“Disinfection Profile” means a summary of daily Giardia lamblia inactivation through the treatment plant. The procedure for developing a disinfection profile is contained in Sec. 22.1008.

"Division" means the Division of Public Health of the Department of Health and Social Services established by Title 29, Section 7904 (a), Delaware Code.

"Domestic or Other Non-Distribution System Plumbing Problem" means a coliform contamination problem in a public water system with more than one (1) service connection that is limited to the specific service connection from which the coliform positive sample was taken.

"Dose Equivalent" means the product of the absorbed dose from ionizing radiation and such factors as account for differences and biological effectiveness due to the type of radiation and its distribution in the body as specified by the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements.

"Dwelling Unit" means one or more rooms arranged for the use of one or more individuals as a single housekeeping unit with cooking, living, sanitary and sleeping facilities.

"Effective Corrosion Inhibitor Residual" means a concentration sufficient to form a passivating film on the interior walls of a pipe.

"Emergency Situation" means a condition in which the specific provisions of these Regulations cannot be met for a temporary period and which necessitates immediate action because of the potential danger to public health.

“Enhanced Coagulation” means the addition of sufficient coagulant for improved removal of disinfection by-product precursors by conventional filtration treatment.

“Enhanced Softening” means the improved removal of disinfection by-product precursors by precipitative softening.

"Exemption" means an allowance to deviate from or to exceed a maximum contaminant level requirement or treatment technique requirement for a specific period of time (see Section 2.3). In order for a system to qualify for an exemption, the system must be in operation on the date of adoption of any maximum contaminant level or treatment technique requirement.

“Filter Profile” means a graphical representation of individual filter performance, based on continuous turbidity measurements or total particle counts versus time for an entire filter run, from startup to backwash inclusively, that includes an assessment of filter performance while another filter is being backwashed.

"Filtration" means a process for removing particulate matter from water by passage through porous media.

"First Draw Sample" means a one (1) liter sample of tap water, collected in accordance with Section 6.1.7.7.2.2, that has been standing in plumbing pipes at least six (6) hours and is collected without flushing the tap.

"Flocculation" means a process to enhance agglomeration or collection of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles through gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means.

“GAC10” means granular activated carbon filter beds with an empty-bed contact time of 10 minutes based on average daily flow and a carbon reactivation frequency of every 180 days.

"Gross Alpha Particle Activity" means the total radioactivity due to alpha particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.

"Gross Beta Particle Activity" means the total radioactivity due to beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.

"Ground Water Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water" means any water beneath the surface of the ground with significant occurrence of insects or other microorganisms, algae, or large diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia or (for subpart H systems serving at least 10,000 people only) Cryptosporidium, or significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water conditions. Direct influence must be determined for individual sources in accordance with criteria established by the Division. The Division determination of direct influence may be based on site specific measurements of water quality and/or documentation of well construction characteristics and geology with field evaluation.

“Haloacetic Acids (Five) (HAA5)” mean the sum of the concentrations in milligrams per liter of the haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after addition.

"Halogen" means one of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or iodine.

"Health Hazard" means any condition, device or practice in the water supply system or its operation which creates, or may create, a danger to the health and well-being of the water consumer.

"Initial Compliance Period" means the first full three-year compliance period which begins at least 18 months after promulgation, except for the following contaminants: Dichloromethane; 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene; 1,1,2-Trichloroethane; Benzo[a]pyrene; Dalapon; Di(2-ethylhexyl adipate; Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; Dinoseb; Diquat; Endothall; Endrin; Glyphosate; Hexachlorobenzene; Hexachlorocyclopentadiene; Oxamyl (Vydate); Picloram; Simazine; 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin); Antimony; Beryllium; Cyanide; Nickel; and Thallium, initial compliance period means the first full three-year compliance period after promulgation for systems with 150 or more service connections (January 1993 -December 1995) and first full three-year compliance period after the effective date of regulation (January 1996 - December 1998) for systems having fewer than 150 service connections.

"Large Water System" means a water system that serves more than 50,000 persons.

"Lead Service Line" means a service line made of lead which connects the water main to the building inlet and any lead pigtail, gooseneck or other fitting which is connected to such lead line.

"Legionella" means a genus of bacteria, some species of which have caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease.

"Man-Made Beta Particle and Photon Emitters" means all radionuclides emitting beta particles and/or photons listed in Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure, NBS Handbook 69, except the daughter products of thorium 232, uranium 235 and uranium 238.

"Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)" means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system.

“Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level (MRDL)” means a level of a disinfectant added for water treatment that may not be exceeded at the consumer's tap without an unacceptable possibility of adverse health effects. For chlorine and chloramines, a PWS is in compliance with the MRDL when the running annual average of monthly averages of samples taken in the distribution system, computed quarterly, is less than or equal to the MRDL. For chlorine dioxide, a PWS is in compliance with the MRDL when daily samples are taken at the entrance to the distribution system and no two consecutive daily samples exceed the MRDL. MRDLs are enforceable in the same manner as maximum contaminant levels under Section 1412 of the Safe Drinking Water Act. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of waterborne microbial contaminants. Notwithstanding the MRDLs listed in Sec. 141.65, operators may increase residual disinfectant levels of chlorine or chloramines (but not chlorine dioxide) in the distribution system to a level and for a time necessary to protect public health to address specific microbiological contamination problems caused by circumstances such as distribution line breaks, storm runoff events, source water contamination, or cross-connections.

“Maximum Residual Disinfection Level Goal (MRDLG)” means the maximum level of a disinfectant added for water treatment at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. MRDLGs are nonenforceable health goals and do not reflect the benefit of the addition of the chemical for control of waterborne microbial contaminants.

"Maximum Total Trihalomethane Potential (MTP)" means the maximum concentrations of total trihalomethanes produced in a given water containing a disinfectant residual after seven days at a temperature of 25^oC or above.

"Medium Size Water System" means a water system that serves greater than 3,300 and less than or equal to 50,000 persons.

"Minor Monitoring Violation" means the failure of a public water system to collect all required water samples or the failure to follow the prescribed sampling procedure within the prescribed time frame.

"Near the First Service Connection" means at one (1) of the twenty (20) percent of all service connections in the entire system that are nearest the water supply treatment facility, as measured by water transport time within the distribution system.

"Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment" means the corrosion control treatment that minimizes the lead and copper concentrations at users' taps while insuring that the treatment does not cause the water system to violate any national primary drinking water regulations.

"Person" means any corporation, company, association, firm, municipally owned water utility, partnership, society and joint stock company, as well as any individual.

"Picocurie (pCi)" means the quantity of radioactive material producing 2.22 nuclear transformations per minute.

"Point of Disinfectant Application" means the point where the disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff.

"Point of Entry Treatment Device" means a treatment device applied to the drinking water entering a house or building for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water distributed throughout the house or building.

"Point of Use Treatment Device" means a treatment device applied to a single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water at that one (1) tap.

"Pollution" means the presence of anything in water which tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute a health hazard or impair the usefulness of the water.

"Potable Water" means water which is in compliance with all of the required drinking water standards specified in these Regulations, and is acceptable for human consumption.

"Primary Maximum Contaminant Level (PMCL)" means an MCL which involves a biological, chemical or physical characteristic of drinking water that may adversely affect the health of the consumer. This includes the MCLs for: coliform bacteria (includes total coliform and E. coli; antimony; arsenic; asbestos; barium; beryllium; cadmium; chromium; cyanide; fluoride; lead; mercury; nickel; nitrates; nitrites; total nitrate/nitrite selenium; thallium; turbidity; alachlor; aldicarb; aldicarb sulfone; aldicarb sulfoxide; atrazine; benzo (a) pyrene; carbofuran; chlordane; dalapon; di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; dibromochloropropane; dinoseb; diquat; 2,4-D; endothall; endrin; ethylenedibromide (EDB); glyphosate; heptachlor; heptachlor epoxide; hexachlorobenzene; hexachlorocyclopentadiene; lindane; methoxychlor; oxamyl (vydate); pentachlorophenol; picloram; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); simazine; 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin); toxaphene; 2,4,5-TP silvex; total trihalomethanes; benzene; carbon tetrachloride; o-dichlorobenzene; p-dichlorobenzene; 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroetylene; cis-1,2-dichloroethylene; trans-1,2-dichloroethylene; dichloromethane; 1,2-dichlorpropane; ethylbenzene; monochlorobenzene; styrene; tetrachloroethylene; toluene; 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1,2-trichloroethane; trichloroethylene; vinyl chloride; total xylenes and radioactivity (see Section 9.0).

"Protection by Adequate Construction, Treatment and Supervision" means:

"Public Water System (PWS)" means a water supply system for the provision to the public of water for human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances either directly from the user's free flowing outlet or indirectly by the water being used to manufacture ice, foods and beverages or that supplies water for potable or domestic purposes for consumption in more than three dwelling units, or furnishes water for potable or domestic purposes to employees, tenants, members, guests or the public at large in commercial offices, industrial areas, multiple dwellings or semi-public buildings including, but without limitation, rooming and boarding houses, motels, tourist cabins, mobile home parks, restaurants, hospitals and other institutions, or offers any water for sale for potable domestic purposes. Public water systems are classified as follows:

"Radioactivity" means the spontaneous, uncontrollable disintegration of the nucleus of an atom with the emission of particles and rays.

"Rem" means the unit of dose equivalent from ionizing radiation to the total body or any internal organ or organ system. A millirem is one one-thousandth (1/1000) of a rem.

"Repeat Compliance Period" means any subsequent compliance period after the initial compliance period.

"Residual Disinfectant Concentration (C)" means the concentration of disinfectant measured in mg/L in a representative sample of water.

"Sanitary Survey" means a review of the water source, facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance of a public water system for the purpose of: evaluating the adequacy of such source, facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance for producing and distributing potable drinking water; or updating the inventory information. Sanitary surveys are classified as follows:

"Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL)" means an MCL which involves a biological, chemical or physical characteristic of water that may adversely affect the taste, odor, color or appearance (aesthetics), which may thereby affect public confidence or acceptance of the drinking water. This includes the MCLs for aluminum, chloride, color, copper, corrosivity, foaming agents, iron, manganese, odor, pH, silver, sulfate, total dissolved solids and zinc.

"Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services" means the agency defined in Title 29 Del.C. Section (b).

"Sedimentation" means a process for removal of solids before filtration by gravity or separation.

"Service Connection" means a water line to a dwelling unit or building.

"Service Line Sample" means a one (1) liter sample of water collected in accordance with Section 6.1.7.7.2.3 that has been standing for at least six (6) hours in a service line.

"Single Family Structure" means a building constructed as a single family residence that is currently used as either a residence or a place of business.

"Slow Sand Filtration" means a process involving passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 meters per hour) resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological mechanisms.

"Small Water System" means a water system that served 3,300 persons or fewer.

"Source" means the place from which a system obtains its water. This may be either from underground or from the surface. Surface water may include rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, impoundments or a body of water with a surface exposed to the atmosphere.

"Standard Sample" means the sample size for bacteriological testing and shall consist of:

“Subpart H System” means public water systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water as a source that are subject to the requirements of Subpart H.

"Supplier of Water" means any person who owns or operates a public water system.

"Surface Water" means all water which is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff.

“SUVA” means Specific Ultraviolet Absorption at 254 nanometers (nm), an indicator of the humic content of water. It is a calculated parameter obtained by dividing a sample's ultraviolet absorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) (in cm^-1) by its concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (in mg/L).

"System with a Single Service Connection" means a system which supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line.

"Too Numerous to Count" means that the total number of bacterial colonies exceeds two hundred (200) on a forty-seven (47) millimeter (mm) diameter membrane filter used for coliform detection.

"Total Coliform-Positive Sample" means any Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test with a result of present (P), any Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG (MMO-MUG) Test with a result of P, any Membrane Filter Technique test with a result of one (1) or more colonies per one hundred (100) ml, or any Multiple Tube Fermentation test with a result of one (1) or more positive tubes.

“Total Organic Carbon (TOC)” means total organic carbon in mg/L measured using heat, oxygen, ultraviolet irradiation, chemical oxidants, or combinations of these oxidants that convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide, rounded to two significant figures.

"Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs)" means the sum of the concentration in milligrams per liter of trihalomethane compounds [trichloromethane (chloroform), dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane and tribromomethane (bromoform)] rounded to two significant figures.

"Treatment Technique Requirement" means a requirement which specifies for a contaminant a specific treatment technique(s) demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Division to lead to a reduction in the level of such contamination sufficient to comply with these Regulations.

"Trihalomethanes (THMs)" means one of the family of organic compounds, named as derivatives of methane, wherein three (3) of the four (4) hydrogen atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular structure.

"Turbidity" means a measure of the clarity or cloudiness of water in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs).

“Uncovered Finished Water Storage Facility” means a tank, reservoir, or other facility used to store water that will undergo no further treatment except residual disinfection and is open to the atmosphere. Finished water storage facilities that are properly covered, screened and vented are excluded from this definition.

"Variance" means an allowance to deviate from or to exceed an MCL requirement or treatment technique requirement when necessary treatment techniques are not available (see Section 2.2).

"Virus" means a virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by waterborne transmission.

"Vulnerable" means subject to contamination, a determination which shall be made by the Division based on previous monitoring results, the number of persons served by the public water system, the proximity of a smaller system to a larger system, the proximity to commercial or industrial use, disposal or storage of volatile synthetic organic compounds (VOCs), and the protection of the water source(s).

"Waterborne Disease Outbreak" means the significant occurrence of an acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the ingestion of water from a public water system which is deficient in treatment, as determined by the Division.

"Water Distribution System" means the pumps, piping and storage facilities from the source(s)/treatment plant to the property line of the ultimate consumer.

"Water Supply System" means the structures, equipment and appurtenances for collection, treatment, storage and distribution of potable water from the source of supply to the free-flowing outlet of the ultimate consumer.

2.0 General Provisions

2.1 "Application": These regulations shall apply to all public water systems in the State of Delaware.

2.2 "Variance”: Variances will not be issued under these regulations.

2.2.1 The Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services may grant one or more variances to any PWS from:

2.2.1.1 Any requirement respecting a MCL of an applicable primary or secondary drinking water requirement upon finding that:

2.2.1.1.1 Because of characteristics of the raw water sources which are reasonably available to the system, the system cannot meet the requirements respecting the MCLs of such drinking water regulations despite application of the best technology, treatment techniques or other means, which the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services finds are generally available (taking costs into consideration) and;

2.2.1.1.2 The granting of a variance will not result in an unreasonable risk to the health of persons served by the PWS.

2.2.1.2 Any requirement of a specified treatment technique of an applicable primary or secondary drinking water requirement upon a finding that the PWS applying for the variance has demonstrated that such treatment technique is not necessary to protect the health of persons because of the nature of the raw water source of such system.

2.2.2 A supplier of water may request the granting of variance for a PWS by submitting a written request to the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services. Suppliers of water may submit a joint request for variances when they seek similar variances under similar circumstances. Any written request for a variance or variances shall include the following information:

2.2.2.1 The nature and duration of the variance requested;

2.2.2.2 Relevant analytical results of water quality sampling of the system, including results of relevant tests conducted pursuant to the requirements of the PMCLs;

2.2.2.3 For any request made under this Section, the following is required:

2.2.2.3.1 Explanation in full and evidence of the best available treatment technology and techniques.

2.2.2.3.2 Economic and legal factors relevant to ability to comply.

2.2.2.3.3 Analytical results of raw water quality relevant to the variance requested.

2.2.2.3.4 A proposed compliance schedule, including the date each step toward compliance will be achieved. Such schedule shall include as a minimum the following dates:

2.2.2.3.4.1 Date by which arrangement for alternative raw water source or improvement of existing raw water source will be completed.

2.2.2.3.4.2 Date of initiation of the connection of the alternative raw water source of improvement of existing raw water source will be completed.

2.2.2.3.4.3 Date by which final compliance is to be achieved.

2.2.2.3.5 A plan for the provision of safe drinking water in the case of an excessive rise in the contaminant level for which the variance is requested.

2.2.2.3.6 A plan for interim control measures during the effective period of variance.

2.2.2.4 A statement that the water supplier will perform monitoring and other reasonable requirements prescribed by the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services as a condition to the variance.

2.2.2.5 Other information, if any, believed to be pertinent by the applicant, or such information as the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services may require.

2.2.3 The Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services shall notify the applicant in writing of the disposition of the variance request within ninety (90) days of receipt of request.

2.2.3.1 If the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services decides to deny the application for a variance, it shall notify the applicant of its intention to issue a denial. Such notice shall include a statement of reasons for the proposed denial, and shall offer the applicant an opportunity to present, within thirty (30) days of receipt of the notice, additional information or argument to the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services. It shall make a final determination on the request within thirty (30) days after receiving any such additional information or argument. If no additional information or argument is submitted by the applicant, the application shall be denied.

2.2.3.2 If the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services proposes to grant a variance request submitted pursuant to this Section, it shall notify the applicant of its decision in writing. Such notice shall identify the variance, the facility covered and conditions of the variance and shall specify the period of time for which the variance will be effective.

2.2.4 No variances from the requirements of Section 5.1 (Microbiological requirements) shall be permitted.

2.2.5 No variances from the requirements of Section 1.0 (Surface Water Treatment Rule) shall be permitted.

2.3 "Exemption”: Exemptions will not be issued under these regulations.

2.3.1 The Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services may exempt any PWS from:

2.3.1.1 Any requirement respecting an MCL or any treatment technique requirement or from both, of an applicable primary drinking water regulation upon finding that:

2.3.1.1.1 Due to compelling factors (which may include economic factors) the PWS is unable to comply with such contaminant level or treatment technique requirement;

2.3.1.1.2 The PWS was in operation on the effective date of such contaminant level or treatment technique requirement and;

2.3.1.1.3 The granting of the exemption will not result in an unreasonable risk to health.

2.3.2 A supplier of water may request the granting of any exemption by submitting a request in writing to the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services. Suppliers of water may submit a joint request for exemptions when they seek similar exemptions under similar circumstances. Any written request for an exemption or exemptions shall include the following information:

• The nature and duration of the exemption requested.

• Relevant analytical results of water quality sampling of the system, including result of relevant tests conducted pursuant to the requirements of the Regulations.

• Explanation of the compelling factors such as time or economic factors which prevent such system from achieving compliance.

• A proposed compliance schedule, including the date when each step toward compliance will be achieved.

• Other information, if any, believed to be pertinent by the applicant or such information as the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services may require.

2.3.3 The Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services shall notify the applicant in writing of the disposition of the exemption request within ninety (90) days of receipt of request.

2.3.3.1 If the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services decides to deny the application for exemption, it shall notify the applicant of its intention to issue a denial. Such notice shall include a statement of reasons for the proposed denial, and shall offer the applicant an opportunity to present within thirty (30) days of receipt of the notice additional information or argument to the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services. It shall make a final determination on the request within thirty (30) days after receiving any such additional information or argument. If no additional information or argument is submitted by the applicant, the application shall be denied.

2.3.3.2 If the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services grants an exemption request submitted pursuant to this Section, it shall notify the applicant of its decision in writing. Such notice shall provide that the exemption will be terminated when the system comes into compliance with the applicable regulations, and may be terminated upon a finding by the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services that the system has failed to comply with any requirements of a final schedule.

2.3.3.2.1 The Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services shall propose a schedule for:

2.3.3.2.1.1 Compliance (including increments of progress) by the public water system with each contaminant level requirement and treatment technique requirement covered by the exemption and;

2.3.3.2.1.2 Implementation by the public water system of such control measures as the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services may require for each contaminant covered by the exemption.

2.3.3.2.2 The schedule shall be prescribed by the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services within one (1) year after the granting of the exemption subsequent to provision of opportunity for hearing pursuant to Section 2.5. An exemption from a MCL or a treatment technique requirement if granted to a PWS is done so for a specific period of time. If any of the MCLs or treatment technique requirements are revised, then all exemptions from these revised standards shall terminate seven (7) years from the effective date of revision for single PWSs and nine (9) years for regional PWSs.

2.3.4 No exemptions from the requirements of Section 5.1 (Microbiological requirements) shall be permitted.

2.3.5 No exemptions from the requirements of Section 1.0 (Surface Water Treatment Rule) shall be permitted.

2.4 Variances and Exemptions from MCLs for VOCs

2.4.1 The Division hereby identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs for VOCs: removal using packed tower aeration; removal using granular activated carbon (except for Vinyl Chloride), removal using oxidation or other method(s) approved by the Division. See Section 22.63 for a listing of the best available technologies.

2.4.2 The Division shall require CWSs and NTNCWSs to install and/or use any of the treatment methods identified in section 2.4.1 as a condition for granting a variance or exemption except as provided in section 2.4.3. If, after the system's installation of the treatment method, the system cannot meet the MCL, the system shall be eligible for a variance or exemption under the provisions of Section 2.2 or 2.3 respectively.

2.4.3 If a system can demonstrate through comprehensive engineering assessments, which may include pilot plant studies, that the treatment methods identified in section 2.4.1 would only achieve a minimal reduction in the contaminants, the Division may issue a schedule of compliance that requires the system being granted the variance or exemption to examine other treatment methods as a condition of obtaining the variance or exemption.

2.4.4 If the Division determines that a treatment method identified in Section 2.4.3 is technically feasible, the Division may require the system to install and/or use that treatment method in connection with a compliance schedule issued under the provisions of Section 2.2 or 2.3. The Division's determination shall be based on studies by the system and other relevant information.

2.5 Public Hearing:

Before a variance or exemption granted pursuant to Sections 2.2 and 2.3 may take effect, the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services shall provide notice and opportunity for public hearing on the variance or exemption. A notice given pursuant to the preceding sentence may cover the granting of more than one variance or exemption and hearing held pursuant to such notice shall include each of the variances and exemptions covered by the notice. Public notice of an opportunity for hearing on a variance or exemption shall be circulated in a manner designed to inform interested and potentially interested persons of the proposed variance or exemption. Notification shall include posting of a notice in the principal post office of each municipality or area served by the PWS and publishing of a notice in a newspaper or newspapers or general circulation in the area served by the PWS. Such notice shall include a summary of the proposed variance or exemption and shall inform interested persons that they may request a public hearing on the proposed variance or exemption. Requests must be submitted in writing to the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services within thirty (30) days after issuance of the public notices. Information needed in the formal hearing request will be listed on the public notice. Upon receipt of one or more formal hearings requests, the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services will give notice as set forth in this Section, of any hearings to be held. Notice shall also be sent to the person or persons requesting the hearing. Notice shall include pertinent information on the subject to be covered along with dates, times and telephone numbers of agencies and people involved. The disposition of the variance or exemption shall become effective thirty (30) days after notice of opportunity for hearing is given, if no request for hearing submitted and the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services does not determine to hold a public hearing on its own motion.

2.6 Right of Entry:

The Director of the Division or his/her designee shall have the right of entry, during reasonable hours and in a reasonable manner and without fee or hindrance, for the purpose of conducting a sanitary survey and/or sampling of any public water supply and all water furnished by any public water supplier, whether or not the Division has evidence that the system is in violation of an applicable legal requirement.

2.7 Prohibiting Water Usage:

The Division may prohibit the use of sources of water which after treatment do not provide water conforming to the standards established by these Regulations or which for any reason may pose a threat to the public's health.

2.8 Separability:

If any provision of these Regulations is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions which can be given effect without the invalid provision.

2.9 Enforcement of Regulations:

2.9.1 All PWSs must be operated in compliance with the requirements as set forth in these Regulations.

2.9.1.1 Notice: Whenever the Director of the Division, or his/her appointed representative, has reason to believe that a violation of any of these Regulations has occurred or is occurring, the Division shall notify the alleged violator. Such notice shall be in writing, may be sent by Certified Mail, or hand delivered, shall cite the Regulation or Regulations that are allegedly being violated, and shall state the facts which form the basis for believing that the violation has occurred or is occurring.

2.9.1.2 Orders: Notice of a violation may be accompanied by an order that requires that certain corrective action be taken. The order shall be signed by the Director or his/her designee or any of his/her appointed representatives and may require:

2.9.1.2.1 The immediate cessation or correction of the violation.

2.9.1.2.2 The acquisition or use of additional equipment, supplies or personnel to insure that the violation does not recur.

2.9.1.2.3 The submission of a plan to prevent future violations to the Division for review and approval.

2.9.1.2.4 The submission of an application for a variance or exemption.

2.9.1.2.54 Any other corrective action deemed necessary for proper compliance with the Regulations including interim remedies pending correction of violations.

2.9.1.3 Hearing Request: Any supplier of water who receives an order from the Division may submit a request for a hearing to the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services to contest the order.

2.9.1.4 Compliance with Effective Orders: Should any public water supplier fail to comply with any of these Regulations, the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services may apply to an appropriate court for an injunction or other legal process to prevent or stop any practice which is in violation of these regulations.

2.9.1.5 Penalties: The Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services shall have the authority to impose an administrative penalty upon any public water system that violates water quality standards refuses, fails or neglects to perform the duties required of it pursuant to Title 16, Chapter 1, §122(3)(C). The administrative penalty shall be as follows:

2.9.1.5.1 For systems serving a population of more than 10,000 people, not less than $1,000 nor more than $10,000 per day per violation; and

2.9.1.5.2 For any other system, the administrative penalty shall be not less than $100 or more than $10,000 per day per violation.

2.10 Emergency Orders: The Director of the Division or his/her appointed representative may issue emergency orders in any case where there is an imminent danger to the health of the public resulting from the operation of any waterworks or the source of a water supply. An emergency order may be communicated by the best practical notice under the circumstances, and is effective immediately upon receipt. The order may state any requirements necessary to remove the danger to the health of the public, including the immediate cessation of the operation of the PWS. Emergency orders shall be effective for a period not exceeding sixty (60) days at the determination of the Director of the Division or his/her representative. Should any public water supplier fail to comply with an emergency order, the Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services may apply to an appropriate court for an injunction or other legal process to prevent or stop any practice which is in violation of these Regulations.

2.11 Plans and Specifications:

2.11.1 No person shall construct a new PWS or alter an existing PWS without a Certificate of Approval for Construction.

2.11.1.1 Systems shall submit two (2) copies of plans and specifications. Plans shall be developed using Construction Plans and Specifications Submittal and Review Guidelines, (Copies are available from the Office of Drinking Water), utilizing the latest edition of Ten States Standards, NSF Standards, AWWA Standards or approved equivalent and other technical information as required by the Division.

2.11.1.2 Construction shall be in accordance with the approved plans and all conditions listed in the Certificate of Approval to Construct.

2.11.1.3 Whenever it is discovered that either of the above are occurring without such approval, the Director of the Division may order the owner, supplier of water or contractor to immediately stop the work and submit plans and specifications to the Division. After the submittal, any part of the system that has already been installed and is not in compliance shall be removed, altered or replaced in order to achieve compliance. Plans and specifications shall be on paper no larger than 30" x 42". Within thirty (30) days of receipt of plans and specifications, the Division shall notify the person who submitted the plans and specifications if they have been approved or disapproved. Such notice shall specify any conditions of approval or any reasons for disapproval. Approvals are valid for one (1) year and construction shall begin within that time. All construction shall be in accordance with the approved plans and all conditions listed in the Certificate of Approval.

2.11.2 Effective October 1, 1999, all new community and non-transient non-community systems must comply with §11.1, and, in addition, submit an Application for Capacity Development review. The plans and specifications must be prepared by a professional engineer utilizing the capacity development principles specified in §22.106. The application is available from the Office of Drinking Water.

2.12 Approval of Water Supplies:

2.12.1 No person shall operate a newly constructed public water system or renovated portion of an existing water system without a Certificate of Approval to Operate. A Certificate of Approval to Operate shall be issued by the Division to water systems which meet the following requirements:

2.12.1.1 Compliance with rules and regulations to prevent development of health hazards;

2.12.1.2 Adequate protection of the water quality throughout all parts of the system, as demonstrated by sanitary surveys;

2.12.1.3 Proper operation of the water supply system under the responsible charge of personnel whose qualifications meet the certification requirements of the Division;

2.12.1.4 Adequate capacity to meet anticipated peak demands while maintaining not less than twenty-five (25) pounds per square inch (psi) and not more than one hundred (100) psi at ground level at all points in the water distribution system and;

2.12.1.5 Records of laboratory examinations showing compliance with the water quality requirements of these Regulations.

2.12.1.6 Submission of as-built plans per the Construction Plans and Specifications Submittal and Review Guidelines, copies available from the Office of Drinking Water.

2.12.2 Effective October 1, 1999, in addition to the requirements in 2.12.1, approval of new community and non-transient non-community water systems shall be dependent upon the following:

2.12.2.1 A certification by a professional engineer that the system was built in accordance with approved plans and specifications and all conditions of the Certificate of Approval to Construct and.

2.12.2.2 Managerial and financial information as required by the Division to demonstrate compliance with Capacity as defined in 1.1. This information may include, but not be limited to; annual reports, water system plans or business plans, self assessments/peer reviews, criteria used by lenders, financial viability assessment methods, financial and managerial training.

2.12.2.3 Failure to comply with 2.12.2.1 and 2.12.2.2 shall result in the Division denying the application for a Certificate of Approval to Operate. A new water system shall not commence operations without a Certificate of Approval to Operate.

2.13 Siting Requirements:

2.13.1 Before any person may enter into a financial commitment for or initiate construction of a new PWS or increase the capacity of an existing PWS, he shall notify the Division and, to the extent practicable, avoid locating part or all of the new or expanded facility at a site which:

2.13.1.1 Is subject to a significant risk from earthquakes, floods, fires or other disasters which could cause a breakdown of the PWS or a portion thereof or;

2.13.1.2 Except for intake structures, is within the floodplain of a one hundred (100) year flood or is lower than any recorded high tide where appropriate records exist.

2.14 Approved Laboratory:

For the purpose of determining compliance with Sections 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 9.0, samples may be considered only if they have been analyzed by the Division, EPA, or an approved laboratory, except that measurements for turbidity, free chlorine residual, temperature and pH may be performed by any person acceptable to the Division.

2.15 Quality:

Drinking water shall not contain impurities in concentrations which may be hazardous to the health of the consumers. Substances used in its treatment shall not remain in the water in concentrations greater than required by good practice. Substances which may have deleterious physiological effects, or for which physiological effects are not known, shall not be introduced into the system in a manner which would permit them to reach the consumer. For the purpose of these regulations interim health-based standards shall be set by the Division on a case-by-case basis at a level between 10^-4 to 10^-6 risk level for those contaminants that are potential carcinogens and a Hazard Quotient of 1 to 10 for non-cancer health effects based on the best available science at the time. These standards shall be enforceable. For the purpose of these regulations Hazard Quotient shall mean expressions applied to modeled human health risk values associated with exposures to systemic, non-cancer causing contaminants.

7 DE Reg. 94 (7/1/03)

2.16 Required Sampling, Monitoring or Analyses:

In any case where the Division does not perform sampling, monitoring or analyses required by these Regulations, the supplier of water shall be responsible for performing this sampling, monitoring or analyses.

2.17 Use of Bottled Water:

Public water systems shall not use bottled water to achieve compliance with an MCL. Bottled water may be used on a temporary basis to avoid unreasonable risk to health.

2.18 Date of Effect: These regulations shall become effective on ________.

3.0 Source and Protection

3.1 Water Source Desirability:

Drinking water shall be obtained from the most desirable source which is feasible, and efforts must be made to prevent or control pollution of the source. If the source fails to meet the bacteriological standards of Section 5.0 and is not already disinfecting pursuant to Section 8.2, it may be required to do so in order to meet the bacteriological standards.

3.2 Sanitary Surveys:

Sanitary surveys shall be made by the Division in order to locate and identify health hazards which might exist in the water supply system. The manner and frequency of making these surveys, and the rate at which discovered health hazards are to be removed, shall be in accordance with a program approved by the Division.

3.3 Protection of Water:

Water delivered to every consumer by any public water supplier shall be so protected by natural means, by proper constructions or by treatment so as to consistently equal or exceed the requirements herein established.

3.4 Monitoring Water Quality:

Quality of water delivered by any public water supplier shall be continuously and/or periodically monitored in accordance with requirements herein established or in accordance with such monitoring water system of equal or greater effect as may be proposed by a public water supplier for its own use, subject to Division approval.

3.5 Responsibility:

For the purpose of application of these Regulations, the supplier of water shall be responsible for the water quality at the user's free flowing outlet except for turbidity and VOCs, which are measured at a representative entry point(s) to the water distribution system.

3.6 Certified Operator:

A water supply system shall be operated under the direct responsible charge of personnel whose qualifications meet the certification requirements of the ìState of Delaware Regulations for the Licensing and Registration of Operators of Public Water Supply Systems.î

3.6.1 Approved Sampler/Tester: An approved sampler/tester is approved for conducting routine water sampling and water quality analyses for chlorine residual, pH, nitrate testing or water quality parameter testing and entering that information into a log book. The approved sampler/tester is not a fully licensed operator and must work under the direction of a licensed operator. The approved sampler/tester must attend an approved course and pass a test approved by the Division. Individuals collecting samples under the tap water monitoring provisions of the lead/copper rule are exempted from this requirement.

3.6.2 Approved sampler/tester certification shall be valid for three years. An individual must attend a class approved by the Division and pass a test in order to receive certification. Attendance at an approved class and passing the test is required for renewal of the certification.

3.6.3 The requirements of Section 3.6.1 shall become effective January 1, 2006.

4.0 Reporting, Public Notification, Consumer Confidence Reports and Record Maintenance

4.1 Reporting

4.1.1 Results of Test, Measurement or Analysis: Except where a shorter period is specified in this part, the supplier of water shall report to the Division the results of any test, measurement or analysis required by this part within:

4.1.1.1 The first ten (10) days following the month in which the result is received, or

4.1.1.2 The first ten (10) days following the end of the required monitoring period as stipulated by the Division, whichever of these is shortest.

4.1.1.3 Daily testing for chlorine residual, nitrates, pH, and fluoride is required for systems that provide treatment (addition, removal or adjustment) unless another schedule is agreed to by the Division.

4.1.2 Failure to Comply with a PMCL: Unless otherwise stipulated, the supplier of water shall report to the Division within twenty-four (24) hours the failure to comply with any Primary Drinking Water Regulations (including failure to comply with monitoring requirements).

4.1.3 Analysis Performed by Division of Public Health Laboratory: The supplier of water is not required to report analytical results to the Division in cases where an approved laboratory performs the analyses and reports the results directly to the Division.

4.1.4 Reporting of Unregulated Contaminants: The owner of a CWS or NTNCWS who is required to monitor under 40 CFR 141.40, shall send a copy of the results of such monitoring to the Division within thirty (30) days of receipt and any public notice issued under Section 4.2.6 to the Division.

4.1.5 Reporting by Surface Water Systems: A PWS that uses a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and provides filtration treatment must report monthly to the Division the information specified in this paragraph, beginning June 29, 1993.

4.1.5.1 Turbidity measurements must be reported within ten (10) days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:

4.1.5.1.1 The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month.

4.1.5.1.2 The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month which are less than or equal to the turbidity limits for the filtration technology being used.

4.1.5.1.3 The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during the month which exceed five (5) one (1) NTU.

4.1.5.2 Disinfection information must be reported to the Division within ten (10) days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:

4.1.5.2.1 For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant concentration in mg/L in water entering the distribution system.

4.1.5.2.2 The date and duration of each period when the residual disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system fell below 0.3 mg/L and when the Division was notified of the occurrence.

4.1.5.2.3 The following information on the samples taken in the distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring:

4.1.5.2.3.1 Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured;

4.1.5.2.3.2 Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is measured;

4.1.5.2.3.3 Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;

4.1.5.2.3.4 Number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where HPC is greater than 500/ml;

4.1.5.2.3.5 Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is greater than 500/ml;

4.1.5.2.3.6 For the current and previous month the system serves water to the public, the value of "V" in the following formula:

V = c + d + e X 100

a + b

where: a = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured;

n = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but HPC is measured;

c = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;

d = number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where the HPC is >500/ml;

e = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml.

4.1.5.2.3.7 If the Division determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by an approved laboratory within the requisite time and temperature conditions, and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of Sections 4.1.5.2.3.1 through 4.1.5.2.3.6 do not apply.

4.1.5.2.4 A system need not report the data listed in section 4.1.5.2.1 if all the data listed in sections 4.1.5.2.1 through 4.1.5.2.3 remain on file at the system and the Division determines that the system has submitted all the information required by sections 4.1.5.2.1 through 4.1.5.2.3 for the last twelve (12) months.

4.1.5.32 Each system, upon discovering that a waterborne disease outbreak potentially attributable to that water system has occurred, must report that occurrence to the Division as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. If at any time the turbidity exceeds five (5) one (1) NTU, the system must inform the Division as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day. If at any time the free available chlorine residual falls below 0.3 mg/L in the water entering the distribution system, the system must notify the Division as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. The system must also notify the Division by the end of the next business day whether or not the free available chlorine residual was restored to at least 0.3 mg/L within four (4) hours.

4.1.6 Reporting of Chemical Overfeed Incidents or Unusual Events: It is the responsibility of the owner and/or the operator of a Public Water System to report to the Division, within 24 hours, any incidents of chemical overfeed and/or unusual events.

4.2 Public Notification

4.2.1 General Public Notice Requirements:

4.2.1.1 It shall be the duty and responsibility of a water supply owner to give public notice in accordance with the following requirements:

4.2.1.1.1 Tier 1 Public Notice: Form, manner, and frequency of notice.

4.2.1.1.1.1 Violation categories and other situations requiring a Tier 1 public notice. Section 4.2.3 identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation.

4.2.1.1.1.1.1 Violation of the MCL for total coliforms when fecal coliform or E. coli are present in the water distribution system (as specified in Sec. 5.2), or when the water system fails to test for fecal coliforms or E. coli when any repeat sample tests positive for coliform (as specified in Sec. 5.2);

4.2.1.1.1.1.2 Violation of the MCL for nitrate, nitrite, or total nitrate and nitrite, as defined in Sec. 22.601, or when the water system fails to take a confirmation sample within 24 hours of the system's receipt of the first sample showing an exceedance of the nitrate or nitrite MCL, as specified in Sec. 22.602 or violation of the fluoride MCL as defined in Sec. 22.603(A);

4.2.1.1.1.1.3 Exceedance of the nitrate MCL by non-community water systems, where permitted to exceed the MCL by the Division under Sec.22.602 (K);

4.2.1.1.1.1.4 Violation of the MRDL for chlorine dioxide, as defined in Sec. 8.3.1, when one or more samples taken in the distribution system the day following an exceedance of the MRDL at the entrance of the distribution system exceed the MRDL, or when the water system does not take the required samples in the distribution system, as specified in Sec. 8.4.7;

4.2.1.1.1.1.5 Violation of the turbidity MCL under Sec. 7.1.1, where the Division determines after consultation that a Tier 1 notice is required or where consultation does not take place within 24 hours after the system learns of the violation;

4.2.1.1.1.1.6 Violation of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) or Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment rule (IESWTR) or the Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) treatment technique requirement resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable turbidity limit (as identified in Sec. 4.2.3), where the Division determines after consultation that a Tier 1 notice is required or where consultation does not take place within 24 hours after the system learns of the violation;

4.2.1.1.1.1.7 Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak, as defined in Sec. 1.0, or other waterborne emergency (such as a failure or significant interruption in key water treatment processes, a natural disaster that disrupts the water supply or distribution system, or a chemical spill or unexpected loading of possible pathogens into the source water that significantly increases the potential for drinking water contamination);

4.2.1.1.1.1.8 Other violations or situations with significant potential to have serious adverse effects on human health as a result of short-term exposure, as determined by the Division either in these regulations or on a case-by-case basis.

4.2.1.1.1.2 Public water systems must:

4.2.1.1.1.2.1 Provide a public notice as soon as practical but no later than 24 hours after the system learns of the violation;

4.2.1.1.1.2.2 Initiate consultation with the Division as soon as practical, but no later than 24 hours after the public water system learns of the violation or situation, to determine additional public notice requirements; and

4.2.1.1.1.2.3 Comply with any additional public notification requirements (including any repeat notices or direction on the duration of the posted notices) that are established as a result of the consultation with the Division. Such requirements may include the timing, form, manner, frequency, and content of repeat notices (if any) and other actions designed to reach all persons served.

4.2.1.1.1.3 Public water systems must provide the notice within 24 hours in a form and manner reasonably calculated to reach all persons served. The form and manner used by the public water system are to fit the specific situation, but must be designed to reach residential, transient, and non-transient users of the water system. In order to reach all persons served, water systems are to use, at a minimum, one or more of the following forms of delivery:

4.2.1.1.1.3.1 Appropriate broadcast media (such as radio and television);

4.2.1.1.1.3.2 Posting of the notice in conspicuous locations throughout the area served by the water system;

4.2.1.1.1.3.3 Hand delivery of the notice to persons served by the water system; or

4.2.1.1.1.3.4 Another delivery method approved in writing by the Division.

4.2.1.1.2 Tier 2 Public Notice: Form, manner and frequency of notice

4.2.1.1.2.1 violation categories and other situations requiring a Tier 2 public notice. Sec. 4.2.3 to this subpart identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation.

4.2.1.1.2.1.1 All violations of the MCL, MRDL,Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) and the Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) treatment technique requirements, except where a Tier 1 notice is required under Sec. 4.1.1.1 or where the Division determines that a Tier 1 notice is required;

4.2.1.1.2.1.2 Violations of the monitoring and testing procedure requirements, where the Division determines that a Tier 2 rather than a Tier 3 public notice is required, taking into account potential health impacts and persistence of the violation;

4.2.1.1.2.1.3 Failure to comply with the terms and conditions of any variance or exemption in place; and

4.2.1.1.2.1.4 Other violations or situations with significant potential to have adverse effects on human health as a result of exposure, as determined by the Division either in these regulations or on a case-by-case basis.

4.2.1.1.2.2 Public water systems must:

4.2.1.1.2.2.1 Public water systems must provide the public notice as soon as practical, but no later than 14 days after the system learns of the violation. If the public notice is posted, the notice must remain in place for as long as the violation or situation persists, but in no case for less than seven days, even if the violation or situation is resolved.

4.2.1.1.2.2.2 The public water system must repeat the notice every three months as long as the violation or situation persists, unless the Division determines that appropriate circumstances warrant a different repeat notice frequency. This determination must be in writing. In no circumstance may the repeat notice be given less frequently than once per year.

4.2.1.1.2.2.3 For the turbidity violations specified in this paragraph, public water systems must consult with the Division as soon as practical but no later than 24 hours after the public water system learns of the violation, to determine whether a Tier 1 public notice under Sec. 4.1.1.1 is required to protect public health. When consultation does not take place within the 24-hour period, the water system must distribute a Tier 1 notice of the violation within the next 24 hours (i.e., no later than 48 hours after the system learns of the violation), following the requirements under Sec. 4.1.1.2 and 4.1.1.3. Consultation with the Division is required for:

4.2.1.1.2.2.3.1 Violation of the turbidity MCL under Sec. 7.1.1; or

4.2.1.1.2.2.3.2 Violation of the SWTR, IESWTR or LT1ESWTR treatment technique requirement resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable turbidity limit.

4.2.1.1.2.2.3.3 Public water systems must provide the initial public notice and any repeat notices in a form and manner that is reasonably calculated to reach persons served in the required time period. The form and manner of the public notice may vary based on the specific situation and type of water system, but it must at a minimum meet the following requirements:

4.2.1.1.2.2.3.3.1 Unless directed otherwise by the Division in writing, community water systems must provide notice by:

4.2.1.1.2.2.3.3.1.1 Mail or other direct delivery to each customer receiving a bill and to other service connections to which water is delivered by the public water system; and

4.2.1.1.2.2.3.3.1.2 Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons regularly served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in section 4.2.1.3.1.1. Such persons may include those who do not pay water bills or do not have service connection addresses (e.g., house renters, apartment dwellers, university students, nursing home patients, prison inmates, etc.). Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper; delivery of multiple copies for distribution by customers that provide their drinking water to others (e.g., apartment building owners or large private employers); posting in public places served by the system or on the Internet; or delivery to community organizations.

4.2.1.1.2.2.3.3.2 Unless directed otherwise by the Division in writing, non-community water systems must provide notice by:

4.2.1.1.2.2.3.3.2.1 Posting the notice in conspicuous locations throughout the distribution system frequented by persons served by the system, or by mail or direct delivery to each customer and service connection (where known); and

4.2.1.1.2.2.3.3.2.2 Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons served by the system if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in section 4.2.1.1.3.2.1. Such persons may include those served who may not see a posted notice because the posted notice is not in a location they routinely pass by. Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper or newsletter distributed to customers; use of E-mail to notify employees or students; or, delivery of multiple copies in central locations (e.g., community centers).

4.2.1.1.3 Tier 3 Public Notice: Form, manner, and frequency of notice

4.2.1.1.3.1 Violation categories and other situations requiring a Tier 3 public notice. Sec. 4.2.3 to this subpart identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation

4.2.1.1.3.1.1 Monitoring violations under 40 CFR part 141, except where a Tier 1 notice is required under Sec. 4.2.1.1 or where the Division determines that a Tier 2 notice is required;

4.2.1.1.3.1.2 Failure to comply with a testing procedure established in 40 CFR part 141, except where a Tier 1 notice is required under Sec. 4.2.1.1 or where the Division determines that a Tier 2 notice is required;

4.2.1.1.3.1.3 Operation under a variance or an exemption granted under Sec. 2.1.4 of these regulations; Failure to comply with Section 3.6 of these regulations;

4.2.1.1.3.1.4 Availability of unregulated contaminant monitoring results, as required under 22.416; and

4.2.1.1.3.1.5 Other violations or situations with significant potential to have adverse effects on human health as a result of exposure, as determined by the Division either in these regulations or on a case-by-case basis.

4.2.1.1.3.2 Public water systems must:

4.2.1.1.3.2.1 Public water systems must provide the public notice not later than 90 days after the public water system learns of the violation or situation or begins operating under a variance or exemption. Following the initial notice, the public water system must repeat the notice annually for as long as the violation, variance, exemption, or other situation persists. If the public notice is posted, the notice must remain in place for as long as the violation, variance, exemption, or other situation persists, but in no case less than seven days (even if the violation or situation is resolved).

4.2.1.1.3.3 Public water systems must provide the initial notice and any repeat notices in a form and manner that is reasonably calculated to reach persons served in the required time period. The form and manner of the public notice may vary based on the specific situation and type of water system, but it must at a minimum meet the following requirements:

4.2.1.1.3.3.1 Unless directed otherwise by the Division in writing, community water systems must provide notice by:

4.2.1.1.3.3.1.1 Mail or other direct delivery to each customer receiving a bill and to other service connections to which water is delivered by the public water system; and

4.2.1.1.3.3.1.2 Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons regularly served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in section 4.2.1.1.3.1.1. Such persons may include those who do not pay water bills or do not have service connection addresses (e.g., house renters, apartment dwellers, university students, nursing home patients, prison inmates, etc.). Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper; delivery of multiple copies for distribution by customers that provide their drinking water to others (e.g., apartment building owners or large private employers); posting in public places or on the Internet; or delivery to community organizations.

4.2.1.1.3.3.2 Unless directed otherwise by the Division in writing, non-community water systems must provide notice by:

4.2.1.1.3.3.2.1 Posting the notice in conspicuous locations throughout the distribution system frequented by persons served by the system, or by mail or direct delivery to each customer and service connection (where known); and

4.2.1.1.3.3.2.2 Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in section 4.2.1.1.3.3.2.1. Such persons may include those who may not see a posted notice because the notice is not in a location they routinely pass by. Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper or newsletter distributed to customers; use of E-mail to notify employees or students; or, delivery of multiple copies in central locations (e.g., community centers).

4.2.1.1.4 Certification to the Division: The owner of a public water system, within ten (10) days of completing the public notice requirements of this section for the initial public notice and any repeat notices, shall submit to the Division a completed Delivery Certification Form, certifying when and how the public notice was delivered and that they have complied with the public notice regulations. The owner shall include with this certification a copy, as delivered, of each type of notice distributed, published, posted, and made available to the persons served by the system and to the media.

4.2.1.1.5 The Division may, at their discretion, also require a more stringent public notice tier (e.g., Tier 1 instead of Tier 2 or Tier 2 instead of Tier 3) for specific violations and situations.

4.2.2 Content of a Public Notice

4.2.2.1 When a public water system violates a NPDWR or has a situation requiring public notification, each public notice must include the following elements:

4.2.2.1.1 A description of the violation or situation, including the contaminant(s) of concern, and (as applicable) the contaminant level(s);

4.2.2.1.2 When the violation or situation occurred;

4.2.2.1.3 Any potential adverse health effects from the violation or situation, including the standard language under section 4.2.2.4.1 or 4.2.2.4.2, whichever is applicable;

4.2.2.1.4 The population at risk, including subpopulations particularly vulnerable if exposed to the contaminant in their drinking water;

4.2.2.1.5 Whether alternative water supplies should be used;

4.2.2.1.6 What actions consumers should take, including when they should seek medical help, if known;

4.2.2.1.7 What the system is doing to correct the violation or situation;

4.2.2.1.8 When the water system expects to return to compliance or resolve the situation;

4.2.2.1.9 The name, business address, and phone number of the water system owner, operator, or designee of the public water system as a source of additional information concerning the notice; and

4.2.2.1.10 A statement to encourage the notice recipient to distribute the public notice to other persons served, using the standard language under section 4.2.2.4.3, where applicable.

4.2.2.2. Elements that must be included in the public notice for public water systems operating under a variance or exemption.

4.2.2.2.1 If a public water system has been granted a variance or an exemption, the public notice must contain:

4.2.2.2.1.1 An explanation of the reasons for the variance or exemption;

4.2.2.2.1.2 The date on which the variance or exemption was issued;

4.2.2.2.1.3 A brief status report on the steps the system is taking to install treatment, find alternative sources of water, or otherwise comply with the terms and schedules of the variance or exemption; and

4.2.2.2.1.4 A notice of any opportunity for public input in the review of the variance or exemption.

4.2.2.2.2 If a public water system violates the conditions of a variance or exemption, the public notice must contain the ten elements listed in section 4.2.2.1.

4.2.2.3 The public notice shall:

4.2.2.3.1 Each public notice required by this section:

4.2.2.3.1.1 Must be displayed in a conspicuous way when printed or posted;

4.2.2.3.1.2 Must not contain overly technical language or very small print;

4.2.2.3.1.3 Must not be formatted in a way that defeats the purpose of the notice;

4.2.2.3.1.4 Must not contain language which nullifies the purpose of the notice.

4.2.2.3.2 Each public notice required by this section must comply with multilingual requirements, as follows:

4.2.2.3.2.1 For public water systems serving a large proportion of non-English speaking consumers, as determined by the Division, the public notice must contain information in the appropriate language(s) regarding the importance of the notice or contain a telephone number or address where persons served may contact the water system to obtain a translated copy of the notice or to request assistance in the appropriate language.

4.2.2.3.2.2 In cases where the Division has not determined what constitutes a large proportion of non-English speaking consumers, the public water system must include in the public notice the same information as in section 4.2.2.3.2.1, where appropriate to reach a large proportion of non-English speaking persons served by the water system.

4.2.2.4 Public water systems are required to include the following standard language in their public notice:

4.2.2.4.1 Standard health effects language for MCL or MRDL violations, treatment technique violations, and violations of the condition of a variance or exemption. Public water systems must include in each public notice the health effects language specified in Sec. 4.2.2.5 to this subpart corresponding to each MCL, MRDL, and treatment technique violation listed in Sec. 4.2.2.6 to this subpart, and for each violation of a condition of a variance or exemption.

4.2.2.4.2 Standard language for monitoring and testing procedure violations. Public water systems must include the following language in their notice, including the language necessary to fill in the blanks, for all monitoring and testing procedure violations listed in Sec. 4.2.3 to this subpart:

“We are required to monitor your drinking water for specific contaminants on a regular basis. Results of regular monitoring are an indicator of whether or not your drinking water meets health standards. During [compliance period], we “did not monitor or test” or “did not complete all monitoring or testing” for [contaminant(s)], and therefore cannot be sure of the quality of your drinking water during that time.”

4.2.2.4.3 Standard language to encourage the distribution of the public notice to all persons served. Public water systems must include in their notice the following language (where applicable):

“Please share this information with all the other people who drink this water, especially those who may not have received this notice directly (for example, people in apartments, nursing homes, schools, and businesses). You can do this by posting this notice in a public place or distributing copies by hand or mail.”

4.2.2.5 Mandatory Health Effects Language:

When providing the information on potential adverse health effects required by section 4.2.2.4.1 in notices of violations of MCLs or treatment technique requirements, or notices of the granting or the continued existence of exemptions or variances, or notices of failure to comply with a variance or exemption schedule, the owner of a PWS must include the following mandatory language specific to each contaminant:

4.2.2.5.1 Microbiological Contaminants:

• Turbidity: Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.

• Total Coliforms: Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially-harmful, bacteria may be Present. Coliforms were found in more samples than allowed and this was a warning of potential problems.

• Fecal Coliforms/E. coli: Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly and people with severely compromised immune systems.

• Giardia lamblia, Viruses, Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria, Legionella, and Cryptosporidium: Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. The language in this paragraph shall be used for any violation of the following rules: the Surface Water Treatment Rule; the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule; The Filter Backwash Recycling Rule; and, the Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

4.2.2.5.2 Inorganic Contaminants:

• Antimony: Some people who drink water containing antimony well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar.

• Arsenic: Some people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the MCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Asbestos: Some people who drink water containing asbestos in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps.

• Barium: Some people who drink water containing barium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience an increase in their blood pressure.

• Beryllium: Some people who drink water containing beryllium well in excess of the MCL over many years could develop intestinal lesions.

• Cadmium: Some people who drink water containing cadmium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage.

• Chromium: Some people who use water containing chromium well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis.

• Copper: Copper is an essential nutrient, but some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson's Disease should consult their personal doctor.

• Cyanide: Some people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid.

• Lead: Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess of the action level could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure.

• Mercury (inorganic): Some people who drink water containing inorganic mercury well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage.

• Nickel: Some people who drink water containing nickel well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience heart and liver damage.

• Nitrate: Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome.

• Nitrite: Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome.

• Selenium: Selenium is an essential nutrient. However, some people who drink water containing selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation.

• Thallium: Some people who drink water containing thallium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver.

4.2.2.5.3 Synthetic Organic Compounds

• Acrylamide: Some people who drink water containing high levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Alachlor: Some people who drink water containing alachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Aldicarb: Some people who drink water containing aldicarb in excess of the MCL over many years may suffer damage to their nervous system.

• Aldicarb sulfone: Some people who drink water containing aldicarb sulfone in excess of the MCL over many years may damage to their nervous system.

• Aldicarb sulfoxide: Some people who drink water containing aldicarb sulfoxide in excess of the MCL over many years may suffer damage to their nervous system.

• Atrazine. Some people who drink water containing atrazine well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties.

• Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH). Some people who drink water containing benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over many years may experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Carbofuran: Some people who drink water containing carbofuran in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood, or nervous or reproductive systems.

• Chlordane: Some people who drink water containing chlordane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Dalapon: Some people who drink water containing dalapon well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes.

• Dibromochloropropane (DBCP): Some people who drink water containing DBCP in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Dichloromethane: Some people who drink water containing dichloromethane in excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate: Some people who drink water containing di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience general toxic effects or reproductive difficulties.

• Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: Some people who drink water containing di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Dinoseb: Some people who drink water containing dinoseb well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.

• Diquat: Some people who drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL over many years could get cataracts.

• 2,4-D: Some people who drink water containing the weed killer 2,4-D well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands.

• Endothall: Some people who drink water containing endothall in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines.

• Endrin: Some people who drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems.

• Epichlorohydrin: Some people who drink water containing high levels of epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Ethylene dibromide (EDB): Some people who drink water containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Glyphosate: Some people who drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties.

• Heptachlor: Some people who drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Heptachlor Epoxide: Some people who drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Hexachlorobenzene: Some people who drink water containing hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, or adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Hexachlorocyclopentadiene: Some people who drink water containing hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or stomach.

• Lindane: Some people who drink water containing lindane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver.

• Methoxychlor: Some people who drink water containing methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.

• Oxamyl [Vydate]: Some people who drink water containing oxamyl in excess of the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects.

• Pentachlorophenol: Some people who drink water containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Picloram: Some people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.

• Polychlorinated Biphenyls [PCBs]: Some people who drink water containing PCBs in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Simazine: Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood.

• Toxaphene: Some people who drink water containing toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their kidneys, liver, or thyroid, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin): Some people who drink water containing dioxin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• 2,4,5-TP. [Silvex]: Some people who drink water containing silvex in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems.

• 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene: Some people who drink water containing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands.

• 1,1,2-Trichloroethane: Some people who drink water containing 1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems.

4.2.2.5.4 Volatile Organic Compounds:

• Benzene: Some people who drink water containing benzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Carbon Tetrachloride: Some people who drink water containing carbon tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• o-Dichlorobenzene: Some people who drink water containing o-dichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems.

• Dichlorobenzene:Some people who drink water containing p-dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or spleen, or changes in their blood.

• 1,2-Dichloroethane: Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• 1,1-Dichloroethylene: Some people who drink water containing 1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.

• Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Some people who drink water containing cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.

• Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Some people who drink water containing trans-1,2-dichloroethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.

• 1,2-Dichloropropane: Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Ethylbenzene: Some people who drink water containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.

• Methyl [tert] Butyl Ether (MTBE): Some people who drink water containing MTBE in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing cancer.

• Monochlorobenzene [Chlorobenzene]: Some people who drink water containing chlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.

• Styrene: Some people who drink water containing styrene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system.

• Tetrachloroethylene: Some people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Toluene: Some people who drink water containing toluene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or liver.

• 1,1,1-Trichloroethane: Some people who drink water containing 1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system.

• Trichloroethylene: Some people who drink water containing trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Vinyl Chloride: Some people who drink water containing vinyl chloride in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Xylenes: Some people who drink water containing xylenes in excess of the MCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system.

4.2.2.5.5 Radiological Compounds

• Beta/photon emitters: Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta and photon emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Alpha emitters: Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Combined Radium 226/228: Some people who drink water containing radium 226 or 228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

4.2.2.5.6 Disinfection/Disinfection By-products (DBPs), By-product Precursors, Disinfection Residuals

• Chlorine: Some people who use water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort.

• Chloramines: Some people who use water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia.

• Chlorine dioxide, where any two consecutive daily samples taken at the entrance to the distribution system are above the MRDL: Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia.

• Add for public notification only: The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, not within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to consumers.

• Chlorine dioxide, where one or more distribution system samples are above the MRDL: Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia.

• Add for public notification only: The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedances of the EPA standard within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures. Certain groups, including fetuses, infants, and young children, may be especially susceptible to nervous system effects from excessive exposure to chlorine dioxide-treated water.

• Control of DBP precursors (TOC): Total organic carbon (TOC) has no health effects. However, total organic carbon provides a medium for the formation of disinfection by-products. These by-products include trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Drinking water containing these by-products in excess of the MCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems, or nervous system effects, and may lead to an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Disinfection by-products and treatment technique for DBPs: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and requires the disinfection of drinking water. However, when used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants react with naturally-occurring organic and inorganic matter present in water to form chemicals called disinfection by-products (DBPs). EPA has determined that a number of DBPs are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Certain DBPs, including some trihalomethanes (THMs) and some haloacetic acids (HAAs), have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Other DBPs have been shown to affect the liver and the nervous system, and cause reproductive or developmental effects in laboratory animals. Exposure to certain DBPs may produce similar effects in people. EPA has set standards to limit exposure to THMs, HAAs, and other DBPs.

• Bromate: Some people who drink water containing bromate in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Chlorite: Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL. Some people may experience anemia.

• Haloacetic Acids (HAA): Some people who drink water containing haloacetic acids in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• TTHMs [Total Trihalomethanes]: Some people who drink water containing trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL over many years may experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous systems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

• Public Notification for Fluoride: Notice of violations of the MCL for fluoride, notices of variances and exemptions from the MCL for fluoride, and notices of failure to comply with variance and exemption schedules for the MCL level for fluoride shall consist of the public notice prescribed in this Section, plus a description of any steps which the system is taking to c