DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES
Office of Drinking Water
IN THE MATTER OF: |
|
REVISION OF STATE OF DELAWARE |
REGULATIONS GOVERNING PUBLIC |
DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS |
Regulations Governing Public Drinking Water Systems
NATURE OF THE PROCEEDINGS:
Delaware Health & Social Services (“DHSS”) initiated proceedings to amend existing Regulations Governing Public Drinking Water Systems. The DHSS’s proceedings to amend its regulations were initiated pursuant to 29 Delaware Code §10114 and its authority as prescribed by 16 Delaware Code §122 (3) (c).
On January 1, 1999, the DHSS published in the Delaware Register of Regulations Volume 2 Issue 7 (page 1095) its notice of proposed regulation changes, pursuant to 29 Delaware Code §10115. It requested that written materials and suggestions from the public concerning the proposed regulations be delivered to DHSS by February 2, 1999, or be presented at public hearings on January 27 or January 28, 1999, at which time the Department would review information, factual evidence and public comment to the said proposed changes to the regulations.
Oral and written comments were received and evaluated. The results of that evaluation are summarized in the accompanying “Hearing Officers Report.”
FINDINGS OF FACT
The Department finds that the proposed changes, as set forth in the attached copy, should be made in the best interest of the general public of the State of Delaware.
THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED, that the proposed Regulations Governing Public Drinking Water Systems are adopted and shall become effective ten days after publication of the final regulation in the Delaware Register on April 1, 1999.
3/5/99
Gregg C. Sylvester, Secretary
Summary of Evidence
Public Hearing to discuss proposed revision to the State of Delaware Regulations Governing Public Drinking Water Systems
Report
Public hearings were held on January 27, 1999, at 6:00 PM at the Artesian Water Company, Newark DE, and on January 28, 1999, at 1:15 PM at the Jesse Cooper Building , Dover, DE before the undersigned Hearing Officer to discuss the proposed “State of Delaware Regulations Governing Public Drinking Water Systems”. Ed Hallock, Program manager, Office of Drinking Water, represented the Division of Public Health. The announcements regarding both hearings were advertised in the Delaware State News, The News Journal and the Delaware Register of Regulations in accordance with State Law. Verifying documents are attached to the record. These regulations have been approved by the Delaware Attorney General’s Office.
State Presentation
Mr. Hallock presented the State’s presentation as follows:
Hearing Exhibits:
1. A summary of changes to”State of Delaware Regulations Governing Public Drinking Water Systems”.
2. Affidavit from the News Journal indicating publishing the publication of hearings’ announcement in the legal section of the newspaper.
4. A copy of Delaware Register of Regulations dated January 1, 1999, Volume 2, Issue 7, Pages 1041-1302., indicating announcement of the hearings.
5. Memo from Ann Woolfolk, Deputy Attorney General, indicating approval of the regulation by the Attorney General’s Office.
Mr. Hallock explained there are four major changes being made to the regulations: (1) definitions of public water supply; (2) revision of administrative penalty authority; (3) requirement for fluoridation; and (4) regulating secondary standards for water systems that serve 500 service connections. All of these changes came about as requirements from either the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or by laws passed by the Delaware Legislature. Mr. Hallock presented an in-depth review of all the revisions. Each section was summarized with a question and answer period allowed throughout the presentation. Many questions were addressed.
Public Questions
Attendees were allowed and encouraged to discuss and ask questions regarding all sections of the regulations in order that they fully understood the intent of the various regulatory sections. Most questions regarded the clarification of various sections.
Public Comment
Oral comments were received during this presentation. The comment period was held open until the end of business February 2, 1999. Two written comments were received (see summary of comments). None of the oral or written comments required changes to the proposed regulations. There was no opposition to the regulations.
Recommendations
This hearing was in accordance with those requirements in 29 Del.C. It is this Hearing Officer’s opinion that the regulations are acceptable to move to the adoption process.
John J. Beaman, Hearing Officer
February 23, 1999
SUMMARY OF COMMENTS
None of the oral comments were sufficient to require any regulatory changes or response.
Two written comments were received:
1. The Town of Bethany Beach requested an exemption from the fluoride requirement. This comment is not pertinent to the regulations.
2. Davis, Bowen and Friedel, Inc., an engineering firm, had the following comments:
a. “While we support the goal of secondary (aesthetic) standards for drinking water, we believe that by carte blanche regulation of all twenty national secondary drinking water standards you are potentially exposing a water service provider to a $10,000 per day violation if they exceed low priority SMCLs for color or pH. The legislature apparently intended (in House Bill No. 427) that these stringent administrative penalties be applied to problems with chlorides, copper, iron, manganese, sulfate, and total dissolved solids. The Bill was motivated by specific problems but the regulation is now far more encompassing. Further, there is no MCL for the secondary standard of corrosivity and enforcement would be difficult for all parties. In light of the above, we recommend that the regulations list only the six parameters identified in House Bill No. 427 instead of referencing secondary drinking water standards.”
b. “It is clear from my conversation from Mr. Hallock that the Department only intends to invoke administrative penalties if they receive customer complaints or the water supplier is not acting in good faith to produce acceptable water quality on an aesthetic basis. However, the wording of the regulations do not reflect this “softer” approach leaving all water providers potentially vulnerable to very stiff fines for violation of even low priority secondary standards. It is our opinion that violating a secondary standard should carry a lesser penalty than violating a primary standard. The Department could be forced to strictly enforce their regulations if pressured or sued by third parties. We suggest the regulation not reflect more stringent requirements than the Department feels are necessary to solve existing problems.”
Response: The intent of House Bill No. 427 is to regulate all secondary contaminants. The law listed six contaminants, however it further stated, “and other standards as determined by the Secretary”. The twenty standards to be adopted are EPA recommended standards. By adopting all of them, Delaware will be consistent with the federal Safe Drinking Water Act.
The level of the penalty that may be issued to a water supplier is determined by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Social Services and is based on its impact to public health. The law provides a penalty range that the Secretary works within. Fines can range from $100 to $10,000 per day depending on the size of the system and the impact of the violation to public health. The final penalty is determined after an administrative hearing taking into consideration mitigating and aggravating circumstances.
STATE OF DELAWARE
REGULATIONS GOVERNING
PUBLIC DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
* Please Note: Due to space limitations the table of contents is not being reprinted. The table of contents is available from the Department of Health and Social Services.
SECTION 22.1 DEFINITIONS
22.101 "Action Level" means the concentration of lead or copper in water specified in Section 22.607A1a & b which determines, in some cases, the treatment requirements contained in Section 22.607 that a water system is required to complete.
22.102 "Alpha Particle" means a particle identical with a helium nucleus, emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive element.
22.103 "Approved" means approved by the Division.
22.104 "Best Available Technology (BAT)" means the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means which the Division finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, are available (taking cost into consideration). For the purposes of setting maximum contaminant levels for synthetic organic chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated carbon.
22.105 "Beta Particle" means a particle identical with an electron, emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive element.
22.106 "Coagulation" means a process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by which colloidal and suspended materials are de-stabilized and agglomerated into flocs.
22.107 "Coliform Group" means all organisms considered in the coliform group as set forth in the current edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water prepared and published jointly by the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation.
22.108 "Compliance Cycle" means the nine-year calendar year cycle during which public water systems must monitor. Each compliance cycle consists of three three-year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle begins January 1, 1993 and ends December 31, 2001; the second begins January 1, 2002 and ends December 31, 2010, the third begins January 1, 2011 and ends December 31, 2019.
22.109 "Compliance Period" means a three-year calendar year period within a compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first compliance period runs from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995; the second from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998, and the third from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2001.
22.110 "Confluent Growth" means a continuous bacterial growth covering the entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete.
22.111 "Consecutive Water Supply" means a public water system that obtains all of its water from, but is not owned or operated by, a public water system to which such Regulations apply and alters the purchased water by some type of treatment, resells the purchased water to its customer, or furnishes water to an interstate carrier. The Division may opt to accept a consecutive supply as a single system for monitoring purposes.
22.112 "Contaminant" means any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substance or matter in water.
22.113 "Conventional Filtration Treatment" means a series of processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration resulting in substantial particulate removal.
22.114 "Corrosion Inhibitor" means a substance capable of reducing the corrosivity of water toward metal plumbing materials, especially lead and copper, by forming a protective film on the interior surface of those materials.
22.115 "CT or CTcalc" means the product of the residual disinfectant concentration (C) (22.161) in milligrams per liter (mg/L) determined before or at the first customer, and the corresponding disinfectant contact time (T) (22.120) in minutes, i.e. "C" X "T". If a public water system applies disinfectants at more than one (1) point prior to the first customer, it must determine the CT of each disinfectant sequence before or at the first customer to determine the total percent inactivation or total inactivation ratio. In determining the total inactivation ratio, the public water system must determine the residual disinfectant concentration of each disinfection sequence and corresponding contact time before any subsequent disinfection application point(s). CT99.9 is the CT value required for 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts. The inactivation ratio is the CTcalc divided by the CT99.9 and the total inactivation ratio is the sum of the inactivation ratios for each disinfection sequence. A total inactivation ratio equal to or greater than 1.0 is assumed to provide a 3-log inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts.
22.116 "Diatomaceous Earth Filtration" means a process resulting in substantial particulate removal in which a precoat cake of diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrane (septum), and while the water is filtered by passing through the cake on the septum, additional filter media known as body feed is continuously added to the feed water to maintain the permeability of the filter cake.
22.117 "Direct Filtration" means a series of processes including coagulation and filtration but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial particulate removal.
22.118 "Direct Responsible Charge" means accountability for and performance of active, daily, on-site operational duties.
22.119 "Disinfectant" means any oxidant, including but not limited to chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and ozone added to water in any part of the treatment or distribution process, that is intended to kill or inactivate pathogens (disease causing organisms).
22.120 "Disinfectant Contact Time (T)" means the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application or the previous point of disinfectant residual measurement to a point before or at the point where residual disinfectant concentration (C) is measured. Where only one (1) "C" is measured, "T" is the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application to a point before or at where residual disinfectant concentration (C) is measured. Where more than one (1) "C" is measured, "T" is for the first measurement of "C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the first or only point of disinfectant application to a point before or at the point where the first "C" is measured and for subsequent measurements of "C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the previous "C" measurement point to the "C" measurement point for which the particular "T" is being calculated. Disinfectant contact time in pipelines must be calculated based on plug flow by dividing the internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate through that pipe. Disinfectant contact time within mixing basins and storage reservoirs must be determined by tracer studies or an equivalent demonstration.
22.121 "Disinfection" means a process which inactivates pathogenic organisms in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent agents.
22.122 "Division" means the Division of Public Health of the Department of Health and Social Services established by Title 29, Section 7904 (a), Delaware Code.
22.123 "Domestic or Other Non-Distribution System Plumbing Problem" means a coliform contamination problem in a public water system with more than one (1) service connection that is limited to the specific service connection from which the coliform positive sample was taken.
22.124 "Dose Equivalent" means the product of the absorbed dose from ionizing radiation and such factors as account for differences and biological effectiveness due to the type of radiation and its distribution in the body as specified by the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements.
22.125 "Dwelling Unit" means one or more rooms arranged for the use of one or more individuals as a single housekeeping unit with cooking, living, sanitary and sleeping facilities.
22.126 "Effective Corrosion Inhibitor Residual" means a concentration sufficient to form a passivating film on the interior walls of a pipe.
22.127 "Emergency Situation" means a condition in which the specific provisions of these Regulations cannot be met for a temporary period and which necessitates immediate action because of the potential danger to public health.
22.128 "Exemption" means an allowance to deviate from or to exceed a maximum contaminant level requirement or treatment technique requirement for a specific period of time (see Section 22.203). In order for a system to qualify for an exemption, the system must be in operation on the date of adoption of any maximum contaminant level or treatment technique requirement.
2.129 "Filtration" means a process for removing particulate matter from water by passage through porous media.
22.130 "First Draw Sample" means a one (1) liter sample of tap water, collected in accordance with Section 22.607G2b, that has been standing in plumbing pipes at least six (6) hours and is collected without flushing the tap.
22.131 "Flocculation" means a process to enhance agglomeration or collection of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles through gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means.
22.132 "Gross Alpha Particle Activity" means the total radioactivity due to alpha particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
22.133 "Gross Beta Particle Activity" means the total radioactivity due to beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
22.134 "Ground Water Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water" means any water beneath the surface of the ground with significant occurrence of insects or other microorganisms, algae, or large diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, or significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water conditions. Direct influence must be determined for individual sources in accordance with criteria established by the Division. The Division determination of direct influence may be based on site specific measurements of water quality and/or documentation of well construction characteristics and geology with field evaluation.
22.135 "Halogen" means one of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or iodine.
22.136 "Health Hazard" means any condition, device or practice in the water supply system or its operation which creates, or may create, a danger to the health and well-being of the water consumer.
22.137 "Initial Compliance Period" means the first full three-year compliance period which begins at least 18 months after promulgation, except for the following contaminants: Dichloromethane; 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene; 1,1,2-Trichloroethane; Benzo[a]pyrene; Dalapon; Di(2-ethylhexyl adipate; Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; Dinoseb; Diquat; Endothall; Endrin; Glyphosate; Hexachlorobenzene; Hexachlorocyclopentadiene; Oxamyl (Vydate); Picloram; Simazine; 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin); Antimony; Beryllium; Cyanide; Nickel; and Thallium, initial compliance period means the first full three-year compliance period after promulgation for systems with 150 or more service connections (January 1993 - December 1995) and first full three-year compliance period after the effective date of regulation (January 1996 - December 1998) for systems having fewer than 150 service connections.
22.138 "Large Water System" means a water system that serves more than 50,000 persons.
22.139 "Lead Service Line" means a service line made of lead which connects the watermain to the building inlet and any lead pigtail, gooseneck or other fitting which is connected to such lead line.
22.140 "Legionella" means a genus of bacteria, some species of which have caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease.
22.141 "Man-Made Beta Particle and Photon Emitters" means all radionuclides emitting beta particles and/or photons listed in Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure, NBS Handbook 69, except the daughter products of thorium 232, uranium 235 and uranium 238.
22.142 "Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)" means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system.
22.143 "Maximum Total Trihalomethane Potential (MTP)" means the maximum concentrations of total trihalomethanes produced in a given water containing a disinfectant residual after seven days at a temperature of 25oC or above.
22.144 "Medium Size Water System" means a water system that serves greater than 3,300 and less than or equal to 50,000 persons.
22.145 "Minor Monitoring Violation" means the failure of a public water system to collect all required water samples or the failure to follow the prescribed sampling procedure within the prescribed time frame.
22.146 "Near the First Service Connection" means at one (1) of the twenty (20) percent of all service connections in the entire system that are nearest the water supply treatment facility, as measured by water transport time within the distribution system.
22.147 "Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment" means the corrosion control treatment that minimizes the lead and copper concentrations at users' taps while insuring that the treatment does not cause the water system to violate any national primary drinking water regulations.
22.148 "Person" means any corporation, company, association, firm, municipally owned water utility, partnership, society and joint stock company, as well as any individual.
22.149 "Picocurie (pCi)" means the quantity of radioactive material producing 2.22 nuclear transformations per minute.
22.150 "Point of Disinfectant Application" means the point where the disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff.
22.151 "Point of Entry Treatment Device" means a treatment device applied to the drinking water entering a house or building for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water distributed throughout the house or building.
22.152 "Point of Use Treatment Device" means a treatment device applied to a single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water at that one (1) tap.
22.153 "Pollution" means the presence of anything in water which tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute a health hazard or impair the usefulness of the water.
22.154 "Potable Water" means water which is in compliance with all of the required drinking water standards specified in these Regulations, and is acceptable for human consumption.
22.155 "Primary Maximum Contaminant Level (PMCL)" means an MCL which involves a biological, chemical or physical characteristic of drinking water that may adversely affect the health of the consumer. This includes the MCLs for: coliform bacteria (includes total coliform and E.coli; antimony; arsenic; asbestos; barium; beryllium; cadmium; chromium; cyanide; fluoride; lead; mercury; nickel; nitrates; nitrites; total nitrate/nitrite selenium; thallium; turbidity; alachlor; aldicarb; aldicarb sulfone; aldicarb sulfoxide; atrazine; benzo (a) pyrene; carbofuran; chlordane; dalapon; di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; dibromochloropropane; dinoseb; diquat; 2,4-D; endothall; endrin; ethylenedibromide (EDB); glyphosate; heptachlor; heptachlor expoxide; hexachlorobenzene; hexachlorocyclopentadiene; lindane; methoxychlor; oxamyl (vydate); pentachlorophenol; picloram; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); simazine; 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin); toxaphene; 2,4,5-TP silvex; total trihalomethanes; benzene; carbon tetrachloride; o-dichlorobenzene; p-dichlorobenzene; 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroetylene; cis-1,2-dichloroethylene; trans-1,2-dichloroethylene; dichloromethane; 1,2-dichlorpropane; ethylbenzene; monochlorobenzene; styrene; tetrachloroethylene; toluene; 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1,2-trichloroethane; trichloroethylene; vinyl choride; total xylenes and radioactivity (see Section 22.9).
22.156 "Protection by Adequate Construction, Treatment and Supervision" means:
A. Works which are of adequate capacity to meet the maximum demands without creating health hazards and which are located, designed and constructed to eliminate or prevent pollution.
B. Any one or any combination of the controlled processes of coagulation, sedimentation, absorption, filtration, disinfection or other processes appropriate to the sources of supply, which produce a water consistently meeting the requirements of these Regulations.
C. Conscientious operation of a public water supply by an individual in direct responsible charge who is acceptable to the Division, and meets the certification requirements of the Division at such time as these requirements are established.
22.157 "Public Water System (PWS)" means a water supply system for the provision to the public of piped water for human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances either directly from the user's free flowing outlet or indirectly by the water being used to manufacture ice, foods and beverages or that supplies water for potable or domestic purposes for consumption in more than three dwelling units, or furnishes water for potable or domestic purposes to employees, tenants, members, guests or the public at large in commercial offices, industrial areas, multiple dwellings or semi-public buildings including, but without limitation, rooming and boarding houses, motels, tourist cabins, mobile home parks, restaurants, hospitals and other institutions, or offers any water for sale for potable domestic purposes. For the purpose of this definition, consecutive water supplies which do not adversely affect the chemical, physical or bacteriological quality of the water are excluded. Such terms includes (1) any collection, treatment, storage and distribution facilities under control of the operator of such system and used primarily in connection with such system, and (2) any collection or pretreatment storage facilities not under such control which are used primarily in connection with such system. Public water systems are classified as follows:
A. "Community Water System (CWS)" means a public water system which serves at least fifteen (15) service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least twenty-five (25) year-round residents;
B. "Non-Transient Non-Community Water System (NTNCWS)" means a public water system that is not a community water system and that regularly serves at least twenty-five (25) of the same persons over six (6) months per year;
C. "Non-Community Water System (NCWS)" means a public water system which has at least fifteen (15) service connections or regularly serves an average of at least twenty-five (25) individuals daily at least sixty (60) days out of the year;
D. "Miscellaneous Public Water System (MPWS)" means a public water system that is neither community, non-community nor non-transient non-community.
22.158 "Radioactivity" means the spontaneous, uncontrollable disintegration of the nucleus of an atom with the emission of particles and rays.
22.159 "Rem" means the unit of dose equivalent from ionizing radiation to the total body or any internal organ or organ system. A millirem is one one-thousandth (1/1000) of a rem.
22.160 "Repeat Compliance Period" means any subsequent compliance period after the initial compliance period.
22.161 "Residual Disinfectant Concentration (C)" means the concentration of disinfectant measured in mg/L in a representative sample of water.
22.162 "Sanitary Survey" means a review of the water source, facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance of a public water system for the purpose of: evaluating the adequacy of such source, facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance for producing and distributing potable drinking water; or updating the inventory information. Sanitary surveys are classified as follows:
A. Class 1 - on-site review.
B. Class 2 - telephone review.
22.163 "Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL)" means an MCL which involves a biological, chemical or physical characteristic of water that may adversely affect the taste, odor, color or appearance (aesthetics), which may thereby affect public confidence or acceptance of the drinking water. This includes the MCLs for aluminum, chloride, color, copper, corrosivity, foaming agents, iron, manganese, odor, pH, silver, sulfate, total dissolved solids and zinc.
22.164 ["Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services" means the agency defined in Title 29, Section (b), Delaware Code.]
[22.165] "Sedimentation" means a process for removal of solids before filtration by gravity or separation.
[22.165] [22.166] "Service Connection" means a water line to a dwelling unit or building.
[22.166] [22.167] "Service Line Sample" means a one (1) liter sample of water collected in accordance with Section 22.607G2c that has been standing for at least six (6) hours in a service line.
[22.167] [22.168] "Single Family Structure" means a building constructed as a single family residence that is currently used as either a residence or a place of business.
[22.168] [22.169] "Slow Sand Filtration" means a process involving passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 meters per hour) resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological mechanisms.
[22.169] [22.170] "Small Water System" means a water system that served 3,300 persons or fewer.
[22.170] [22.171] "Source" means the place from which a system obtains its water. This may be either from underground or from the surface. Surface water may include rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, impoundments or a body of water with a surface exposed to the atmosphere.
[22.171] [22.172] "Standard Sample" means the sample size for bacteriological testing and shall consist of:
A. For the fermentation tube test, five (5) standard portions of either twenty (20) milliliters (ml) or one hundred (100) mL.
B. For the membrane filter technique, not less than one hundred (100) mL.
[22.172 "State Board of Health" means the agency defined in Title 29, Section (b), Delaware Code.]
22.173 "Supplier of Water" means any person who owns or operates a public water system.
22.174 "Surface Water" means all water which is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff.
22.175 "System with a Single Service Connection" means a system which supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line.
22.176 "Too Numerous to Count" means that the total number of bacterial colonies exceeds two hundred (200) on a forty-seven (47) millimeter (mm) diameter membrane filter used for coliform detection.
22.177 "Total Coliform-Positive Sample" means any Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test with a result of present (P), any Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG (MMO-MUG) Test with a result of P, any Membrane Filter Technique test with a result of one (1) or more colonies per one hundred (100) ml, or any Multiple Tube Fermentation test with a result of one (1) or more positive tubes.
22.178 "Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs)" means the sum of the concentration in milligrams per liter of trihalomethane compounds [trichloromethane (chloroform), dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane and tribromomethane (bromoform)] rounded to two significant figures.
22.179 "Treatment Technique Requirement" means a requirement which specifies for a contaminant a specific treatment technique(s) demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Division to lead to a reduction in the level of such contamination sufficient to comply with these Regulations.
22.180 "Trihalomethanes (THMs)" means one of the family of organic compounds, named as derivatives of methane, wherein three (3) of the four (4) hydrogen atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular structure.
22.181 "Turbidity" means a measure of the clarity or cloudiness of water in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs).
22.182 "Variance" means an allowance to deviate from or to exceed an MCL requirement or treatment technique requirement when necessary treatment techniques are not available (see Section 22.202).
22.183 "Virus" means a virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by waterborne transmission.
22.184 "Vulnerable" means subject to contamination, a determination which shall be made by the Division based on previous monitoring results, the number of persons served by the public water system, the proximity of a smaller system to a larger system, the proximity to commercial or industrial use, disposal or storage of volatile synthetic organic compounds (VOCs), and the protection of the water source(s).
22.185 "Waterborne Disease Outbreak" means the significant occurrence of an acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the ingestion of water from a public water system which is deficient in treatment, as determined by the Division.
22.186 "Water Distribution System" means the pumps, piping and storage facilities from the source(s)/treatment plant to the property line of the ultimate consumer.
22.187 "Water Supply System" means the structures, equipment and appurtenances for collection, treatment, storage and distribution of potable water from the source of supply to the free-flowing outlet of the ultimate consumer.
SECTION 22.2 GENERAL PROVISIONS
22.201 "Application": These regulations shall apply to all public water systems in the State of Delaware.
22.202 "Variance:
A. The [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] may grant one or more variances to any PWS from:
1. Any requirement respecting a MCL of an applicable primary or secondary drinking water requirement upon finding that:
a. Because of characteristics of the raw water sources which are reasonably available to the system, the system cannot meet the requirements respecting the MCLs of such drinking water regulations despite application of the best technology, treatment techniques or other means, which the [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] finds are generally available (taking costs into consideration) and;
b. The granting of a variance will not result in an unreasonable risk to the health of persons served by the PWS.
2. Any requirement of a specified treatment technique of an applicable primary or secondary drinking water requirement upon a finding that the PWS applying for the variance has demonstrated that such treatment technique is not necessary to protect the health of persons because of the nature of the raw water source of such system.
B. A supplier of water may request the granting of variance for a PWS by submitting a written request to the [State Board of Health] [Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services]. Suppliers of water may submit a joint request for variances when they seek similar variances under similar circumstances. Any written request for a variance or variances shall include the following information:
1. The nature and duration of the variance requested;
2. Relevant analytical results of water quality sampling of the system, including results of relevant tests conducted pursuant to the requirements of the PMCLs;
3. For any request made under this Section, the following is required:
a. Explanation in full and evidence of the best available treatment technology and techniques.
b. Economic and legal factors relevant to ability to comply.
c. Analytical results of raw water quality relevant to the variance requested.
d. A proposed compliance schedule, including the date each step toward compliance will be achieved. Such schedule shall include as a minimum the following dates:
1. Date by which arrangement for alternative raw water source or improvement of existing raw water source will be completed.
2. Date of initiation of the connection of the alternative raw water source of improvement of existing raw water source will be completed.
3. Date by which final compliance is to be achieved.
e. A plan for the provision of safe drinking water in the case of an excessive rise in the contaminant level for which the variance is requested.
f. A plan for interim control measures during the effective period of variance.
4. A statement that the water supplier will perform monitoring and other reasonable requirements prescribed by the [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] as a condition to the variance.
5. Other information, if any, believed to be pertinent by the applicant, or such information as the [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] may require.
C. The [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] shall notify the applicant in writing of the disposition of the variance request within ninety (90) days of receipt of request.
1. If the [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] decides to deny the application for a variance, it shall notify the applicant of its intention to issue a denial. Such notice shall include a statement of reasons for the proposed denial, and shall offer the applicant an opportunity to present, within thirty (30) days of receipt of the notice, additional information or argument to the [State Board of Health] [Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services]. It shall make a final determination on the request within thirty (30) days after receiving any such additional information or argument. If no additional information or argument is submitted by the applicant, the application shall be denied.
2. If the [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] proposes to grant a variance request submitted pursuant to this Section, it shall notify the applicant of its decision in writing. Such notice shall identify the variance, the facility covered and conditions of the variance and shall specify the period of time for which the variance will be effective.
D. No variances from the requirements of Section 22.51 (Microbiological requiremnts) shall be permitted.
E. No variances from the requirements of Section 22.10 (Surface Water Treatment Rule) shall be permitted.
22.203 "Exemption
A. The [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] may exempt any PWS from:
1. Any requirement respecting an MCL or any treatment technique requirement or from both, of an applicable primary drinking water regulation upon finding that:
a. Due to compelling factors (which may include economic factors) the PWS is unable to comply with such contaminant level or treatment technique requirement;
b. The PWS was in operation on the effective date of such contaminant level or treatment technique requirement and;
c. The granting of the exemption will not result in an unreasonable risk to health.
B. A supplier of water may request the granting of any exemption by submitting a request in writing to the [State Board of Health] [Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services]. Suppliers of water may submit a joint request for exemptions when they seek similar exemptions under similar circumstances. Any written request for an exemption or exemptions shall include the following information:
1. The nature and duration of the exemption requested.
2. Relevant analytical results of water quality sampling of the system, including result of relevant tests conducted pursuant to the requirements of the Regulations.
3. Explanation of the compelling factors such as time or economic factors which prevent such system from achieving compliance.
4. A proposed compliance schedule, including the date when each step toward compliance will be achieved.
5. Other information, if any, believed to be pertinent by the applicant or such information as the [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] may require.
C. The [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] shall notify the applicant in writing of the disposition of the exemption request within ninety (90) days of receipt of request.
1. If the [State Board of health] [Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] decides to deny the application for exemption, it shall notify the applicant of its intention to issue a denial. Such notice shall include a statement of reasons for the proposed denial, and shall offer the applicant an opportunity to present within thirty (30) days of receipt of the notice additional information or argument to the [State Board of Health] [Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services]. It shall make a final determination on the request within thirty (30) days after receiving any such additional information or argument. If no additional information or argument is submitted by the applicant, the application shall be denied.
2. If the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] grants an exemption request submitted pursuant to this Section, it shall notify the applicant of its decision in writing. Such notice shall provide that the exemption will be terminated when the system comes into compliance with the applicable regulations, and may be terminated upon a finding by the [State Board of Health ][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] that the system has failed to comply with any requirements of a final schedule.
a. The [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] shall propose a schedule for:
1. Compliance (including increments of progress) by the public water system with each contaminant level requirement and treatment technique requirement covered by the exemption and;
2. Implementation by the public water system of such control measures as the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] may require for each contaminant covered by the exemption.
b. The schedule shall be prescribed by the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] within one (1) year after the granting of the exemption subsequent to provision of opportunity for hearing pursuant to Section 22.205. An exemption from a MCL or a treatment technique requirement if granted to a PWS is done so for a specific period of time. If any of the MCLs or treatment technique requirements are revised, then all exemptions from these revised standards shall terminate seven (7) years from the effective date of revision for single PWSs and nine (9) years for regional PWSs.
D. No exemptions from the requirements of Section 22.51 (Microbiological requiremnts) shall be permitted.
E. No exemptions from the requirements of Section 22.10 (Surface Water Treatment Rule) shall be permitted.
22.204 Variances and Exemptions from MCLs for VOCs
A. The Division hereby identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs for VOCs: removal using packed tower aeration; removal using granular activated carbon (except for Vinyl Chloride), removal using oxidation or other method(s) approved by the Division. See Section 22.63 for a listing of the best available technologies.
B. The Division shall require CWSs and NTNCWSs to install and/or use any of the treatment methods identified in paragraph A of this Section as a condition for granting a variance or exemption except as provided in paragraph C of this Section. If, after the system's installation of the treatment method, the system cannot meet the MCL, the system shall be eligible for a variance or exemption under the provisions of Section 22.202 or 22.203 respectively.
C. If a system can demonstrate through comprehensive engineering assessments, which may include pilot plant studies, that the treatment methods identified in paragraph A of this Section would only achieve a minimal reduction in the contaminants, the Division may issue a schedule of compliance that requires the system being granted the variance or exemption to examine other treatment methods as a condition of obtaining the variance or exemption.
D. If the Division determines that a treatment method identified in paragraph C of this Section is technically feasible, the Division may require the system to install and/or use that treatment method in connection with a compliance schedule issued under the provisions of Section 22.202 or 22.203. The Division's determination shall be based on studies by the system and other relevant information.
22.205 Public Hearing: Before a variance or exemption granted pursuant to Sections 22.202 and 22.203 may take effect, the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] shall provide notice and opportunity for public hearing on the variance or exemption. A notice given pursuant to the preceding sentence may cover the granting of more than one variance or exemption and hearing held pursuant to such notice shall include each of the variances and exemptions covered by the notice. Public notice of an opportunity for hearing on a variance or exemption shall be circulated in a manner designed to inform interested and potentially interested persons of the proposed variance or exemption. Notification shall include posting of a notice in the principal post office of each municipality or area served by the PWS and publishing of a notice in a newspaper or newspapers or general circulation in the area served by the PWS. Such notice shall include a summary of the proposed variance or exemption and shall inform interested persons that they may request a public hearing on the proposed variance or exemption. Requests must be submitted in writing to the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] within thirty (30) days after issuance of the public notices. Information needed in the formal hearing request will be listed on the public notice. Upon receipt of one or more formal hearings requests, the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] will give notice as set forth in this Section, of any hearings to be held. Notice shall also be sent to the person or persons requesting the hearing. Notice shall include pertinent information on the subject to be covered along with dates, times and telephone numbers of agencies and people involved. The disposition of the variance or exemption shall become effective thirty (30) days after notice of opportunity for hearing is given, if no request for hearing submitted and the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] does not determine to hold a public hearing on its own motion.
22.206 Right of Entry: The Director of the Division or his/her designee shall have the right of entry, during reasonable hours and in a reasonable manner and without fee or hindrance, for the purpose of conducting a sanitary survey and/or sampling of any public water supply and all water furnished by any public water supplier, whether or not the Division has evidence that the system is in violation of an applicable legal requirement.
22.207 Prohibiting Water Usage: The Division may prohibit the use of sources of water which after treatment do not provide water conforming to the standards established by these Regulations or which for any reason may pose a threat to the public's health.
22.208 Separability: If any provision of these Regulations is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions which can be given effect without the invalid provision.
22.209 Enforcement of Regulations: All PWSs must be operated in compliance with the requirements as set forth in these Regulations.
A. Notice: Whenever the Director of the Division, or his/her appointed representative, has reason to believe that a violation of any of these Regulations has occurred or is occurring, the Division shall notify the alleged violator. Such notice shall be in writing, may be sent by Certified Mail, or hand delivered, shall cite the Regulation or Regulations that are allegedly being violated, and shall state the facts which form the basis for believing that the violation has occurred or is occurring.
B. Orders: Notice of a violation may be accompanied by an order that requires that certain corrective action be taken. The order shall be signed by the Director or his/her designee or any of his/her appointed representatives and may require:
1. The immediate cessation or correction of the violation.
2. The acquisition or use of additional equipment, supplies or personnel to insure that the violation does not recur.
3. The submission of a plan to prevent future violations to the Division for review and approval.
4. The submission of an application for a variance or exemption.
5. Any other corrective action deemed necessary for proper compliance with the Regulations including interim remedies pending correction of violations.
C. Hearing Request: Any supplier of water who receives an order from the Division may submit a request for a hearing to the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] to contest the order.
D. Compliance with Effective Orders: Should any public water supplier fail to comply with any of these Regulations, the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] may apply to an appropriate court for an injunction or other legal process to prevent or stop any practice which is in violation of these regulations.
E. Penalties: Any person who neglects or fails to comply with these Regulations shall be subject to provisions under 16 Del. C. S107. [The Secretary The Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] shall have the authority to impose an administrative penalty upon any public water system that violates water quality standards pursuant to Title 16, Chapter 1, § 122(3)(C). The administrative penalty shall be as follows:
1. For systems serving a population of more than 10,000 people, not less than $1,000 nor more than $10,000 per day per violation; and
2. For any other system, the administrative penalty shall be not less than $100 nor more than $10,000 per day per violation.
22.210 Emergency Orders: The Director of the Division or his/her appointed representative may issue emergency orders in any case where there is an imminent danger to the health of the public resulting from the operation of any waterworks or the source of a water supply. An emergency order may be communicated by the best practical notice under the circumstances, and is effective immediately upon receipt. The order may state any requirements necessary to remove the danger to the health of the public, including the immediate cessation of the operation of the PWS. Emergency orders shall be effective for a period not exceeding sixty (60) days at the determination of the Director of the Division or his/her representative. Should any public water supplier fail to comply with an emergency order, the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] may apply to an appropriate court for an injunction or other legal process to prevent or stop any practice which is in violation of these Regulations.
22.211 Plans and Specifications: No person shall construct a new PWS or alter an existing PWS until two (2) copies of plans and specifications have been submitted to and approved by the Division. Whenever it is discovered that either of the above are occurring without such approval, the Director of the Division may order the owner, supplier of water or contractor to immediately stop the work and submit plans and specifications to the Division. After the submittal, any part of the system that has already been installed and is not in compliance shall be removed, altered or replaced in order to achieve compliance. Plans and specifications shall be on paper no larger than 30" x 42".Within thirty (30) days of receipt of plans and specifications, the Division shall notify the person who submitted the plans and specifications if they have been approved or disapproved. Such notice shall specify any conditions of approval or any reasons for disapproval. Approvals are valid for one (1) year and construction shall begin within that time. All construction shall be in accordance with the approved plans and all conditions listed in the Certificate of Approval.
22.212 Siting Requirements: Before any person may enter into a financial commitment for or initiate construction of a new PWS or increase the capacity of an existing PWS, he shall notify the Division and, to the extent practicable, avoid locating part or all of the new or expanded facility at a site which:
A. Is subject to a significant risk from earthquakes, floods, fires or other disasters which could cause a breakdown of the PWS or a portion thereof or;
B. Except for intake structures, is within the floodplain of a one hundred (100) year flood or is lower than any recorded high tide where appropriate records exist.
22.213 Approved Laboratory: For the purpose of determining compliance with Sections 22.5, 22.6, 22.7 and 22.9, samples may be considered only if they have been analyzed by the Division, EPA, or an approved laboratory, except that measurements for turbidity, free chlorine residual, temperature and pH may be performed by any person acceptable to the Division.
22.214 Quality: Drinking water shall not contain impurities in concentrations which may be hazardous to the health of the consumers. Substances used in its treatment shall not remain in the water in concentrations greater than required by good practice. Substances which may have deleterious physiological effects, or for which physiological effects are not known, shall not be introduced into the system in a manner which would permit them to reach the consumer.
22.215 Required Sampling, Monitoring or Analyses: In any case where the Division does not perform sampling, monitoring or analyses required by these Regulations, the supplier of water shall be responsible for performing this sampling, monitoring or analyses.
22.216 Date of Effect: These Regulations shall become effective on December 10, 1993.
SECTION 22.3 SOURCE AND PROTECTION
22.301 Water Source Desirability: Drinking water shall be obtained from the most desirable source which is feasible, and efforts must be made to prevent or control pollution of the source. If the source fails to meet the bacteriological standards of Section 22.5 and is not already disinfecting pursuant to Section 22.802, it may be required to do so in order to meet the bacteriological standards.
22.302 Sanitary Surveys: Sanitary surveys shall be made by the Division in order to locate and identify health hazards which might exist in the water supply system. The manner and frequency of making these surveys, and the rate at which discovered health hazards are to be removed, shall be in accordance with a program approved by the Division.
22.303 Approval of Water Supplies: Approval of water supplies shall be dependent in part upon:
A. Enforcement of rules and regulations to prevent development of health hazards;
B. Adequate protection of the water quality throughout all parts of the system, as demonstrated by sanitary surveys;
C. Proper operation of the water supply system under the responsible charge of personnel whose qualifications meet the certification requirements of the Division at such time as these requirements are established;
D. Adequate capacity to meet anticipated peak demands while maintaining not less than twenty-five (25) pounds per square inch (psi) and not more than one hundred (100) psi at ground level at all points in the water distribution system and;
E. Records of laboratory examinations showing consistent compliance with the water quality requirements of these Regulations.
22.304 Protection of Water: Water delivered to every consumer by any public water supplier shall be so protected by natural means, by proper constructions or by treatment so as to consistently equal or exceed the requirements herein established.
22.305 Monitoring Water Quality: Quality of water delivered by any public water supplier shall be continuously and/or periodically monitored in accordance with requirements herein established or in accordance with such monitoring water system of equal or greater effect as may be proposed by a public water supplier for its own use, subject to Division approval.
22.306 Responsibility: For the purpose of application of these Regulations, the supplier of water shall be responsible for the water quality at the user's free flowing outlet except for turbidity and VOCs, which are measured at a representative entry point(s) to the water distribution system.
SECTION 22.4 REPORTING, PUBLIC NOTIFICATION AND RECORD MAINTENANCE
22.40 Reporting
22.401 Results of Test, Measurement or Analysis: Except where a shorter period is specified in this part, the supplier of water shall report to the Division the results of any test, measurement or analysis required by this part within:
A. The first ten (10) days following the month in which the result is received, or
B. The first ten (10) days following the end of the required monitoring period as stipulated by the Division, whichever of these is shortest.
22.402 Failure to Comply with a PMCL: Unless otherwise stipulated, the supplier of water shall report to the Division within forty-eight (48) hours the failure to comply with any Primary Drinking Water Regulations (including failure to comply with monitoring requirements).
22.403 Analysis Performed by Division of Public Health Laboratory: The supplier of water is not required to report analytical results to the Division in cases where an approved laboratory performs the analyses and reports the results directly to the Division.
22.404 Reporting of Unregulated Contaminants: The owner or operator of a CWS or NTNCWS who is required to monitor under Section 22.621, shall send a copy of the results of such monitoring to the Division within thirty (30) days of receipt and any public notice issued under Section 22.416 to the Division.
22.405 Reporting by Surface Water Systems: A PWS that uses a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and provides filtration treatment must report monthly to the Division the information specified in this paragraph, beginning June 29, 1993.
A. Turbidity measurements must be reported within ten (10) days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:
1. The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month.
2. The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month which are less than or equal to the turbidity limits for the filtration technology being used.
3. The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during the month which exceed five (5) NTU.
B. Disinfection information must be reported to the Division within ten (10) days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:
1. For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant concentration in mg/L in water entering the distribution system.
2. The date and duration of each period when the residual disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system fell below 0.3 mg/L and when the Division was notified of the occurrence.
3. The following information on the samples taken in the distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring:
a. Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured;
b. Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is measured;
c. Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
d. Number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where HPC is greater than 500/ml;
e. Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is greater than 500/ml;
f. For the current and previous month the system serves water to the public, the value of "V" in the following formula:
V = c + d + e X 100
a + b
where: a = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured;
n = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but HPC is measured;
c = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
d = number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where the HPC is >500/ml; and
e = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml.
g. If the Division determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by an approved laboratory within the requisite time and temperature conditions, and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of paragraph B.3.a-f of this Section do not apply.
4. A system need not report the data listed in paragraph B.1. of this Section if all the data listed in paragraphs B.1.-3. of this Section remain on file at the system and the Division determines that the system has submitted all the information required by paragraphs B.1.-3. of this Section for the last twelve (12) months.
C. Each system, upon discovering that a waterborne disease outbreak potentially attributable to that water system has occurred, must report that occurrence to the Division as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. If at any time the turbidity exceeds five (5) NTU, the system must inform the Division as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day. If at any time the residual falls below 0.3 mg/L in the water entering the distribution system, the system must notify the Division as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. The system must also notify the Division by the end of the next business day whether or not the residual was restored to at least 0.3 mg/L within four (4) hours.
22.406 Reporting of Chemical Overfeed Incidents or Unusual Events: It is the responsibility of the owner and/or the operator of a Public Water System to report to the Division, within 24 hours, any incidents of chemical overfeed and/or unusual events.
22.41 Public Notification
22.411 Circumstances for Public Notification: It shall be the duty and responsibility of a water supply owner to give public notification under any of the following circumstances:
A. When any applicable PMCL has been exceeded.
B. Violation of the PMCL for total coliforms, when fecal coliforms or E. coli are present in the water distribution system.
C. Failure to comply with an established treatment technique.
D. Failure to comply with the requirements of any schedule prescribed pursuant to a PMCL variance or exemption.
E. The water supply has been granted or has in effect a variance or exemption from an applicable PMCL variance or exemption.
F. Failure to comply with monitoring requirements.
G. Failure to comply with an applicable testing procedure.
H. Following notification by the Division of any violation of these Regulations which stipulates public notification.
22.412 Content of a Public Notice
A. Public notice given pursuant to Section 22.411 shall be written in a manner reasonably designed to fully inform the users of the PWS of the reasons for the notice.
B. The public notice shall:
1. Be conspicuous.
2. Disclose all material facts regarding the subject.
3. Disclose the nature of the problem.
4. When appropriate, provide a clear statement that a PMCL has been exceeded.
5. When appropriate, describe any preventive measures that should be taken by the public.
6. State any potential adverse health affects.
7. State the population at risk.
8. State the necessity for seeking alternate water supplies, if any.
9. State preventive measures the consumer should take until the violation is corrected.
10. Include the phone number of the owner, operator, or designee of the public water system as a source of additional information concerning the notice.
11. Where appropriate, be multi-lingual.
C. The public notice shall not:
1. Use unduly technical language.
2. Use unduly small print.
3. Use any other methods which would frustrate the purpose of the notice.
D. The public notice may include:
1. A balanced explanation of the significance or seriousness to the public health of the subject of the notice.
2. A fair explanation of steps taken by the system to correct any problem.
3. The results of any additional sampling.
E. Mandatory Health Effects Language: When providing the information on potential adverse health effects required by B.6 of this Section in notices of violations of MCLs or treatment technique requirements, or notices of the granting or the continued existence of exemptions or variances, or notices of failure to comply with a variance or exemption schedule, the owner or operator of a PWS must include the following mandatory language specific to each contaminant:
1. Microbiological Contaminants: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of microbiological contaminants are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. If water is inadequately treated, microbiological contaminants in that water may cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set enforceable requirements for treating drinking water to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Treatment such as filtering and disinfecting the water removes or destroys microbiological contaminants. Drinking water which is treated to meet EPA requirements is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
2. Total Coliforms: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of total coliforms is a possible health concern. Total coliforms are common in the environment and are generally not harmful themselves. The presence of these bacteria in drinking water, however, generally is a result of a problem with water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water, and indicates that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable drinking water standard for total coliforms to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Under this standard, no more than 5.0 percent of the samples collected during the month can contain these bacteria, except that systems collecting fewer than forty (40) samples/month that have one (1) total coliform positive sample per month are not violating the standard. Drinking water which meets this standard is usually not associated with a health risk from disease-causing bacteria and should be considered safe.
3. Fecal Coliforms/E. coli: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of fecal coliforms or E. coli is a serious health concern. Fecal coliforms and E. coli are generally not harmful themselves, but their presence in drinking water is serious because they usually are associated with sewage or animal wastes. The presence of these bacteria in drinking water is generally a result of a problem with water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water, and indicates that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable drinking water standard for fecal coliforms and E. coli to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Under this standard, all of the drinking water samples must be free of these bacteria. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little or none of this risk and should be considered safe. State and local health authorities recommend that consumers take the following precautions: (To be inserted by the public water supplier upon direction of the Division).
4. Antimony: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that antimony is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in soils, ground water and surface waters and is often used in the flame retardant industry. It is also used in ceramics, glass, batteries, fireworks and explosives. It may get into drinking water through natural weathering of rock, industrial production, municipal waste disposal or manufacturing processes. This chemical has been shown to decrease longevity, and altered blood levels of cholesterol and glucose in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for antimony a 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to antimony.
5. Asbestos: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that asbestos fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral. Most asbestos fibers in drinking water are less than 10 micrometers in length and occur in drinking water from natural sources and from corroded asbestos-cement pipes in the distribution system. The major uses of asbestos were in the production of cements, floor tiles, paper products, paint, and caulking; in transportation-related applications; and in the production of textiles and plastics. Asbestos was once a popular insulating and fire retardant material. Inhalation studies have shown that various forms of asbestos have produced lung tumors in laboratory animals. The available information on the risk of developing gastrointestinal tract cancer associated with the ingestion of asbestos from drinking water is limited. Ingestion of intermediate-range chrysotile asbestos fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length is associated with causing benign tumors in male rats. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for asbestos at 7 million long fibers per liter to reduce the potential risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to asbestos.
6. Barium: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that barium is health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in some aquifers that serve as sources of ground water. It is also used in oil and gas drilling muds, automotive paints, bricks, tiles and jet fuels. It generally gets into drinking water after dissolving from naturally occurring minerals in the ground. This chemical may damage the heart and cardiovascular system, and is associated with high blood pressure in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. In humans, EPA believes that effects from barium on blood pressure should not occur below 2 parts per million (ppm) in drinking water. EPA has set the drinking water standard for barium at 2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to barium.
7. Beryllium: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that beryllium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal occurs naturally in soils, ground water and surface waters and is often used in electrical equipment and electrical components. It generally gets into water from runoff from mining operations, discharge from processing plants and improper waste disposal. Beryllium compounds have been associated with damage to the bones and lungs and induction of cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. There is limited evidence to suggest that beryllium may pose a cancer risk via drinking water exposure. Therefore, EPA based the health assessment on noncancer effects with an extra uncertainty factor to account for possible carcinogenicity. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for beryllium at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to beryllium.
8. Cadmium: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cadmium is a health concern of certain levels of exposure. Food and smoking of tobacco are common sources of general exposure. This inorganic metal is a contaminant in the metals used to galvanize pipe. It generally gets into water by corrosion of galvanized pipes or by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney in animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large among of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the kidney. EPA has set the drinking water standard for cadmium at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to cadmium.
9. Chromium: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chromium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal occurs naturally in the ground and is often used in the electroplating of metals. It generally gets into water from runoff from old mining operations and improper waste disposal from plating operations. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels. Some humans who were exposed to high levels of this chemical suffered liver and kidney damage, dermatitis and respiratory problems. EPA has set the drinking water standard for chromium at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to chromium.
10. Copper: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that copper is a health concern at certain exposure levels. Copper, a reddish-brown metal, is often used to plumb residential and commercial structures that are connected to water distribution systems. Copper contaminating drinking water as a corrosion by-product occurs as the result of the corrosion of copper pipes that remain in contact with water for a prolonged period of time. Copper is an essential nutrient, but at high doses it has been shown to cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver and kidney damage, and anemia. Persons with Wilson's disease may be at a higher risk of health effects due to copper than the general public. EPA's national primary drinking water regulation requires all public water systems to install optimal corrosion control to minimize copper contamination resulting from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems serving 50,000 people or fewer that have copper concentrations below 1.3 parts per million (ppm) in more than 90% of tap water samples (the EPA "action level") are not required to install or improve their treatment. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also monitor their source water to determine whether treatment to remove copper in source water is needed.
11. Cyanide: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cyanide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is used in electroplating, steel processing, plastics, synthetic fabrics and fertilizer products. It usually gets into water as a result of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the spleen, brain and liver of humans fatally poisoned with cyanide. EPA has set the drinking water standard for cyanide at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meet the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to cyanide.
12. Lead: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that lead is a health concern at certain exposure levels. Materials that contain lead have frequently been used in the construction of water supply distribution systems, and plumbing systems in private homes and other buildings. The most commonly found materials include service lines, pipes, brass and bronze fixtures, and solders and fluxes. Lead in these materials can contaminate drinking water as a result of the corrosion that takes place when water comes into contact with those materials. Lead can cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans. At relatively low levels of exposure, these effects may include interference with red blood cell chemistry, delays in normal physical and mental development in babies and young children, slight deficits in the attention span, hearing, and learning abilities of children, and slight increases in the blood pressure of some adults. EPA's national primary drinking water regulation requires all public water systems to optimize corrosion control to minimize lead contamination resulting from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems serving 50,000 people or fewer that have lead concentrations below 15 parts per billion (ppb) in more than 90% of tap water samples (the EPA "action level") have optimized their corrosion control treatment. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also monitor their source water to determine whether treatment to remove lead in source water is needed. Any water system that continues to exceed the action level after installation of corrosion control and/or source water treatment must eventually replace all lead service lines contributing in excess of 15 (ppb) of lead to drinking water. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also undertake a public education program to inform consumers of ways they can reduce their exposure to potentially high levels of lead in drinking water.
13. Mercury: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that mercury is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal is used in electrical equipment and some water pumps. It usually gets into water as a result of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney of laboratory animals such as rats when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for mercury at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk for these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to mercury.
14. Nickel: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nickel poses a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal occurs naturally in soils, ground water and surface waters and is often used in electroplating, stainless steel and alloy products. It generally gets into water from mining and refining operations. This chemical has been shown to damage the heart and liver in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) for nickel to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to nickel.
15. Nitrate: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrate poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. Nitrate is used in fertilizer and is found in sewage and wastes from human and/or farm animals and generally gets into drinking water from those activities. Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water have caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrate is converted to nitrite in the body. Nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child's blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly in infants. In most cases, health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be sought immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to encourage parents and other responsible parties to provide infants with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and State health authorities are the best source for information concerning alternate sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the drinking water standard at 10 parts per million (ppm) for nitrate to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a drinking water standard for nitrite at 1 ppm. To allow for the fact that the toxicity of nitrate and nitrite are additive, EPA has also established a standard for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrate.
16. Nitrite: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrite poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is used in fertilizers and is found in sewage and wastes from humans and/or farm animals and generally gets into drinking water as a result of those activities. While excessive levels of nitrite in drinking water have not been observed, other sources of nitrite have caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child's blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly. However, in most cases health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be sought immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to encourage parents and other responsible parties to provide infants with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and State health authorities are the best source for information concerning alternate sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the drinking water standard at 1 part per million (ppm) for nitrite to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a drinking water standard for nitrate (converted to nitrite in humans) at 10 ppm and for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrite.
17. Selenium: The United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that selenium is a health concern at certain high levels of exposure. Selenium is also an essential nutrient at low levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is found naturally in food and soils and is used in electronics, photocopy operations, and the manufacture of glass, chemicals, drugs, and as a fungicide and a feed additive. In humans, exposure to high levels of selenium over a long period of time has resulted din a number of adverse health effects, including a loss of feeling and control in the arms and legs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for selenium at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to selenium.
18. Thallium: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that thallium is a health concern at certain high levels of exposure. This inorganic metal is found naturally in soils and is used in electronics, pharmaceuticals, and the manufacture of glass and alloys. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, liver, brain and intestines of laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for thallium at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to thallium.
19. Acrylamide: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking standards and has determined that acrylamide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from acrylamide are sometimes used to treat water supplies to remove particulate contaminants. Acrylamide has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. Sufficiently large doses of acrylamide are known to cause neurological injury. EPA has set the drinking water standard for acrylamide using a treatment technique to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking water to remove particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to acrylamide.
20. Alachlor: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that alachlor is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, alachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for alachlor at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to alachlor.
21. Aldicarb: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide.. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb may leach into ground water after normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb at 0.003 parts pr million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb.
22. Aldicarb sulfone: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb sulfone is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfone is formed from the breakdown of aldicarb and is considered for registration as a pesticide under the name aldoxycarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall) aldicarb sulfone may leach into groundwater after normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous systems in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb sulfone at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfone.
23. Aldicarb sulfoxide: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb sulfoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfoxide in ground water is primarily a breakdown of aldicarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb sulfoxide may leach into groundwater after normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous systems in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb sulfoxide at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfoxide.
24. Atrazine: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that atrazine is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, atrazine may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to affect offspring of rats and the heart of dogs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for atrazine at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to atrazine.
25. Benzo(a)pyrene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that benzo(a)pyrene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Cigarette smoke and charbroiled meats are a common source of general exposure. The major source of benzo(a)pyrene in drinking water is the leaching from coal tar lining and sealants in water storage tanks. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for benzo(a)pyrene at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to benzo(a)pyrene.
26. Carbofuran: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that carbofuran is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, carbofuran may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous and reproductive systems of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. Effects on the nervous system are generally rapidly reversible. EPA has set the drinking water standard for carbofuran at 0.04 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to carbofuran.
27. Chlordane: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlordane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide used to control termites. Chlordane is not very mobile in soils. It usually gets into drinking water after application near water supply intakes or wells. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for chlordane at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to chlordane.
28. Dalapon: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dalapon is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used herbicide. It may get into drinking water after application to control grasses in crops, drainage ditches and along railroads. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidney and liver in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dalapon at 0.2 parts per million (pp) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dalapon.
29. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP): The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that DBCP is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, dibromochloropropane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for DBCP at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to DBCP.
30. Dichloromethane: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used solvent. It is used in the manufacture of paint remover, as a metal degreaser and as an aerosol propellant. It generally gets into drinking water after improper discharge of waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and ice when the animals re exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed overlong periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dichloromethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dichloromethane.
31. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a widely used plasticizer in a variety of products, including synthetic rubber, food packaging materials and cosmetics. It may get into drinking water after improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage liver and testes in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate at 0.4 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standards is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to de(2-ethylhexyl)adipate.
32. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a widely used plasticizer, which is primarily used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins. It may get into drinking water after improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
33. Dinoseb: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dinoseb is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Dinoseb is a widely used pesticide and generally gets into drinking water after application on orchards, vineyard and other crops. This chemical has been shown to damage the thyroid and reproductive organs in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dinoseb at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dinoseb.
34. Diquat: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that diquat is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract and cause cataract formation in laboratory animals such as dogs and rats exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for diquat at 0.02 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to diquat.
35. 2,4-D: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4-D is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a herbicide and to control algae in reservoirs. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 2,4-D may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 2,4-D at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 2,4-D.
36. Endothall: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that endothall is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract and reproductive system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for endothall at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to endothall.
37. Endrin: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that endrin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide no longer registered for use in the United States. However, this chemical is persistent in treated soils and accumulates in sediments and aquatic and terrestrial biota. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the liver, kidney and heart in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for endrin at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to endrin.
38. Epichlorohydrin: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that epichlorohydrin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from epichlorohydrin are sometimes used in the treatment of water supplies as a flocculent to remove particulates. Epichlorohydrin generally gets into drinking water by improper use of these polymers. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for epichlorohydrin using a treatment technique to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of epichlorohydrin in the polymer and the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking water as a flocculent to remove particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to epichlorohydrin.
39. Ethylene dibromide (EDB): The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that EDB is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, EDB may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for EDB at 0.00005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect EDB.
40. Glyphosate: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that glyphosate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control grasses and weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for glyphosate at 0.7 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to glyphosate.
41. Heptachlor: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that heptachlor is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for heptachlor at 0.0004 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to heptachlor.
42. Heptachlor Epoxide: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that heptachlor epoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor epoxide may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for heptachlor epoxide at 0.0002 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to heptachlor epoxide.
43. Hexachlorobenzene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that hexachlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is produced as an impurity in the manufacture of certain solvents and pesticides. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for hexachlorobenzene at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer and other adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to hexachlorobenzene.
44. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that hexachlorocyclopentadiene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pesticides and flame retardants. It may get into water by discharge from production facilities. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney and the stomach of laboratory animals when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has st the drinking water standard for hexachlorocyclopentadiene at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to hexachlorocyclopentadiene.
45. Lindane: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that lindane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, lindane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, nervous systems, and immune system of laboratory animals such as rats, mice and dogs exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system and circulatory system. EPA has established the drinking water standard for lindane at 0.0002 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to lindane.
46. Methoxychlor: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that methoxychlor is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, methoxychlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, nervous system, and reproductive system of laboratory animals such as rates exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. It has also been shown to produce growth retardation in rats. EPA has set the drinking water standard for methoxychlor at 0.04 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to methoxychlor.
47. Oxamyl: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that oxamyl is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide for the control of insects and other pests. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for oxamyl at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to oxamyl.
48. Pentachlorophenol: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that pentachlorophenol is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used a wood preservative, herbicide, disinfectant, and defoliant. It generally gets into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to produce adverse reproductive effects and to damage the liver and kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the liver and kidneys. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for pentachlorophenol at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to pentachlorophenol.
49. Picloram: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that picloram is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide for broadleaf weed control. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into ground water as a result of pesticide application and improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to he kidneys and liver in laboratory animals such as rats when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for picloram at 0.5 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to picloram.
50. Polychlorinated Biphenyls: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. These organic chemicals were once widely used in electrical transformers and other industrial equipment. They generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal or leaking electrical industrial equipment. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for PCBs at 0.0005 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to PCBs.
51. Simazine: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that simazine is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It may leach into ground water or runs off into surface water after application. This chemical may cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for simazine at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to simazine.
52. Toxaphene: The United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toxaphene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a pesticide widely used on cotton, corn, soybeans, pineapples and other crops. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, toxaphene may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for toxaphene at 0.003 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to toxaphene.
53. 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin): The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dioxin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is an impurity in the production of some pesticides. It may get into drinking water by industrial discharge of wastes. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed a high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dioxin at 0.00000003 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dioxin.
54. 2,4,5-TP.: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4,5-TP is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 2,4,5-TP may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 2,4,5-TP at 0.05 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 2,4,5-TP.
55. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a dye carrier and as a precursor in herbicide manufacture. It generally gets into drinking water by discharges from industrial activities. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to several organs, including the adrenal glands. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associate with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
56. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is an intermediate in the production of 1,1-dichloroethylene. It generally gets into water by industrial discharge of wastes. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney and liver of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,1,2-trichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
57. Benzene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that benzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a solvent and degreaser of metals. It is also a major component of gasoline. Drinking water contamination generally results from leaking underground gasoline and petroleum tanks or improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated with significantly increased risks of leukemia among certain industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers. This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. The USEPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for benzene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
58. Carbon Tetrachloride: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that carbon tetrachloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical was once a popular household cleaning fluid. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. The USEPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for carbon tetrachloride at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
59. o-Dichlorobenzene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that o-dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent in the production of pesticides and dyes. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and the blood cells of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system. EPA has set the drinking standard for o-dichlorobenzene at 0.6 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to o-dichlorobenzene.
60. Para-dichlorobenzene: The United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that para-dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is a component of deodorizers, moth balls and pesticides. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over the lifetimes. Chemicals which cause adverse health effects in laboratory animals may also cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. The USEPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for Para-dichlorobenzene at 0.075 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
61. 1,2-Dichloroethane: The United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-dichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaning fluid for fats, oils, waxes and resins. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. The USEPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,2-dichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
62. 1,1-Dichloroethylene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which cause adverse health effects in laboratory animals may also cause adverse health effects in hgumans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. The USEPA has set the enforceable drinkin water standard for 1,1-dichloroethylene at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
63. Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that cis-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for cis-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to cis-1,2-dichloroethylene.
64. Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set drinking water standards for trans-1,2 dichlororethylene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
65. 1,2-Dichloropropane: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-dichloropropane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 1,2-dichloropropane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. It may also get into drinking water through improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2-dichloropropane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 1,2-dichloropropane.
66. Ethylbenzene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined ethylbenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a major component of gasoline. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal or leaking gasoline tanks. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, liver, and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for ethylbenzene at 0.7 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to ethylbenzene.
67. Monochlorobenzene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that monochlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for monochlorobenzene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to monochlorobenzene.
68. Styrene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that styrene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is commonly used to make plastics and is sometimes a component of resins used for drinking water treatment. Styrene may get into drinking water from improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and nervous system in laboratory animals when exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for styrene at 0.1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to styrene.
69. Tetrachloroethylene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that tetrachloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical has been a popular solvent, particularly for dry cleaning. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for tetrachloroethylene at 0.005 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to tetrachloroethylene.
70. Toluene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toluene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal or leaking underground storage tanks. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver, kidney and nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for toluene at 1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to toluene.
71. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1,1-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous system and circulatory system. Chemicals which cause adverse health effects in laboratory animals may also cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. The USEPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
72. Trichloroethylene: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that trichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is a common metal cleaning and dry cleaning fluid. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. The USEPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for trichloroethylene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
73. Vinyl Chloride: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that vinyl chloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated with significantly increased risks of cancer among certain industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers. This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. The USEPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for vinyl chloride at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
74. Xylenes: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that xylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes and as a solvent for pesticides, and as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It usually get into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for xylene at 10 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to xylene.
F. Public Notification for Fluoride: Notice of violations of the MCL for fluoride, notices of variances and exemptions from the MCL for fluoride, and notices of failure to comply with variance and exemption schedules for the MCL level for fluoride shall consist of the public notice prescribed in this Section, plus a description of any steps which the system is taking to come into compliance.
G. Public Notification by the State: The Division may give notice to the public required by this Section on behalf of the owner or operator of a public water system if the Division complies with the requirements of this Section. However, the owner or operator of the public water system remains legally responsible for ensuring that the requirements of this Section are met.
22.413 Frequency and Distribution of Public Notification:
A. MCL, Treatment Technique and Variance and Exemption Schedule Violations:
1. Except as provided in paragraph A.3., of this Section, the owner or operator of a public water system must give notice:
a. By publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in the area served by the system as soon as possible, but in no case later than fourteen (14) days after the violation or failure. If the area served by the PWS is not served by a daily newspaper of general circulation, notice shall instead be given by publication in a weekly newspaper of general circulation serving the area and;
b. By mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill) or by hand delivery not later than forty-five (45) days after the violation or failure. The Division may waive mail or hand delivery if it determines that the owner or operator of the PWS in violation has corrected the violation or failure within the forty-five (45) day period and;
c. For violations of the MCLs of contaminants that may pose an acute risk to human health, by furnishing a copy of the notice to the radio and television stations serving the area served by the PWS as soon as possible but in no case later than seventy-two (72) hours after the violations:
1. Any violations specified by the Division as posing an acute risk to human health.
2. Violation of the MCL for nitrate as defined in and determined in Section 22.602(I)(3).
2. Except as provided in paragraph A.3., of this Section, following the initial notice given under paragraph A.1., of this Section, the owner or operator of the PWS must give notice at least once every three (3) months by mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill) or by hand delivery, for as long as the violation or failure exists.
3. Exceptions for community and non-community water systems are as follows:
a. In lieu of the requirements of paragraph A.1.(a) of this Section, the owner or operator of a CWS in an area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general circulation must give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Notice by hand delivery or posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later than seventy-two (72) hours after the violation or failure for acute violations, or fourteen (14) days after the violation or failure for any other violation. Posting must continue for as long as the violation or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three (3) months for as long as the violation or failure exists.
b. In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs A.1.(a) and A.1.(b) of this Section, the owner or operator of a NCWS may give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Notice by hand delivery or posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later than seventy-two (72) hours after the violation or failure for acute violations, or fourteen (14) days after the violation or failure for any other violation. Posting must continue for as long as the violation or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three (3) months for as long as the violation or failure exists.
B. Notification to New Billing Units: The owner or operator of a PWS must give a copy of the most recent public notice for any outstanding violation of any MCL, or any treatment technique requirement, or any variance or exemption schedule to all new billing units or new hookups prior to or at the time service begins.
C. Monitoring, Testing Procedure, Variances and Exemptions: The owner or operator of a PWS which fails to perform required monitoring, fails to comply with a testing procedure, or is subject to a variance or exemption shall notify persons served by the system as follows:
1. Except as provided in paragraph C.3. or C.4. of this Section, the owner or operator of a PWS must give notice within three (3) months of the violation or granting of a variance or exemption by publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in the area served by the system. If the area served by the PWS is not served by a daily newspaper of general circulation, notice shall instead be given by publication in a weekly newspaper of general circulation serving the area.
2. Except as provided in paragraph C.3 or C.4 of this Section, following the initial notice given under paragraph C.1. of this Section, the owner or operator of the PWS must give notice at least once every three months by mail delivery (by direct mail or with water bill) or by hand delivery, for as long as the violation exists. Repeat notice of the existence of a variance or exemption must be given every three months for as long as the variance or exemption remains in effect.
3. Exceptions for community and non-community water systems are as follows:
a. In lieu of the requirements of paragraph C.1. or C.2. of this Section, the owner or operator of a CWS in an area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general circulation must give notice, within three (3) months of the violation or granting of the variance or exemption, by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Posting must continue for as long as the violation exists or a variance or exemption remains in effect. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three (3) months for as long as the violation exists or a variance or exemption remains in effect.
b. In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs A.1.(a.) and A.1.(b) of this Section, the owner or operator of a NCWS may give notice within three (3) months of the violation or the granting of a variance or exemption, by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Posting must continue for as long as the violation exists or a variance or exemption remains in effect. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three (3) months for as long as the violation exists or a variance or exemption remains in effect.
4. In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs C.1., C.2. and C.3. of this Section, the owner or operator of a PWS, at the discretion of the Division, may provide less frequent notice for minor monitoring violations as defined by the Division, if EPA has approved the Division's application for a program revision.
D. All posted public notices shall remain readable and be protected by glass, plastic or some other suitable covering and remain in place until such time that the violation or failure has terminated.
E. Notice to the public required by this Section may be given by the Division should the water supplier fail to do so.
F. Nothing in this Section shall limit the authority of the [State Board of Health][Secretary, Delaware Health and Social Services] to require notification by newspaper and to radio and television stations when circumstances make more immediate or broader notice appropriate to protect the public's health.
G. All community and non-community water suppliers shall submit to the Division, within ten (10) days of the completion of issuance of public notification, a representative copy of each type of notice distributed, published, posted and/or made available to the person served by the system and/or to the media.
22.414 Public Notification Requirements Pertaining to Lead
A. Applicability of Public Notification Requirements
1. Except as provided in paragraph A.2. of this Section, by June 19, 1988, the owner or operator of each CWS and each NTNCWS shall issue notice to persons served by the system that may be affected by lead contamination of their drinking water. The Division may require subsequent notices. The owner or operator shall provide notice under this Section even if there is no violation of the national primary drinking water regulation for lead.
2. Notice under paragraph A.1. of this Section is not required if the system demonstrates to the Division that the water system, including the residential and non-residential portions connected to the water system, are lead free. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term "lead free" when used with respect to solders and flux refers to solder and flux containing not more than 0.2 percent lead, and when used with respect to pipes and pipe fittings, refers to pipes and pipe fittings containing not more than 8.0 percent lead.
3. The owner shall review, correct and complete the public notice and return it to the Division within seventy-two (72) hours with approval noted.
B. Manner of Notification
1. Notice shall be given to persons served by the PWS either by:
a. Three newspaper notices one (1) for each of three (3) consecutive months and the first no later than June 19, 1988) or;
b. Once by mail notice with the water bill or in a separate mailing by June 19, 1988 or;
c. Once by hand delivery by June 19, 1988.
2. For NTNCWS, notice may be given by continuous posting. If posting is used, the notice shall be posted in a conspicuous place in the area served by the system and start no later than June 19, 1988, and continue for three (3) months.
C. General Content of Notice
1. Notices issued under this Section shall provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of the potential sources of lead in drinking water, potential adverse health effects, reasonable available methods of mitigating known or potential lead content in drinking water, any steps the water system is taking to mitigate lead content in drinking water and the necessity for seeking alternative water supplies, if any. Use of the mandatory language in paragraph D. of this Section in the notice will be sufficient to explain potential adverse health effects.
2. Each notice shall also include specific advice on how to determine if materials containing lead have been used in homes or the water distribution system and how to minimize exposure to water likely to contain high levels of lead. Each notice shall be conspicuous and shall not contain unduly technical language, unduly small print, or similar problems that frustrate the purpose of the notice. Each notice shall contain the telephone number of the owner, operator or designee of the PWS as a source of additional information regarding the notice. Where appropriate, the notice shall be multi-lingual.
D. Mandatory Heath Effects Information: When providing the information in public notices required under paragraph C of this Section on the potential adverse health effects of lead in drinking water, the owner or operator of the water system shall include the following mandatory language specific to lead.
1. Lead: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that lead is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. There is currently a standard of 0.020 parts per million (ppm). Part of the purpose of this notice is to inform you of the potential adverse health effects of lead. This is being done even though your water may not be in violation of the current standard. The USEPA and others are concerned about lead in drinking water. Too much lead in the human body can cause serious damage to the brain, kidneys, nervous system and red blood cells. The greatest risk, even with short-term exposure, is to young children and pregnant women. Lead levels in your drinking water are likely to be highest:
* if your home or water system has lead pipes, or
* if your home has copper pipes with lead solder, and
* if the home is less than five (5) years old
* if you have soft or acidic water, or
* if water sits in the pipes for several hours.
22.415 Public Notification Requirements Pertaining to VOCs: If a CWS or NTNCWS fails to comply with an applicable MCL level established under Section 22.611, or fails to comply with requirements of any schedule prescribed pursuant to a variance or exemption, the water supplier shall notify persons served by the system as provided in Section 22.413.
22.416 Public Notification Requirements Pertaining to Unregulated Contaminants: The owner or operator shall notify persons served by the system of the availability of the results of sampling conducted under Section 26.62 by including a notice in the first set of water bills issued by the system after the receipt of the results or written notice within three months. The notice shall identify a person and supply the telephone number contact for information on monitoring results. For surface water systems, public notification is required only after the first quarter's monitoring for unregulated contaminants, with a statement that monitoring will be conducted for three (3) more quarters with the results available upon request.
22.417 Procedures for Issuance of a Public Notice
A. PMCL Violation:
1. Upon notification that a condition exists as indicated in Section 22.411A., the Division shall prepare a notice in accordance with Section 22.412 and a draft public notice for use in public notification by the water supply owner.
2. As soon as possible, but in no case more than seventy-two (72) hours, the Division shall forward the notice and draft notice to the water supply owner.
3. The owner shall review, correct and complete the public notice and return it to the Division within seventy-two (72) hours with approval noted.
4. The Division shall resolve any discrepancies and approve the public notice until as rapidly as possible and retain the public notice until the final confirmation sample results are received.
5. Upon receipt of the confirmation sampling results, the Division shall determine if a public notice is warranted and shall return the approved public notice to the owner for appropriate public notification.
B. Other Violations or Circumstances Requiring Public Notification:
1. Upon notification that a condition exists as indicated in Section 22.411B. and 22.411C., the Division shall initiate the preparation of a draft public notice and notice if appropriate.
2. As soon as possible, but in no case more than seventy-two (72) hours, the Division shall forward a copy of the draft public notice with attached notice, if applicable, to the water supply owner.
3. The owner shall review, correct and complete the public notice and return it to the Division within seventy-two (72) hours with approval noted.
4. The Division shall resolve any discrepancies and approve the public notice as rapidly as possible.
5. The Division shall then return the approved public notice to the owner for appropriate public notification.
22.42 Record Maintenance:
22.421 Retaining Records: Effective upon the adoption of these Regulations, any owner or operator of a PWS shall accumulate and make available to the Division within the time stated the following records which shall be retained on the premises or at a convenient location:
A. Bacteriological analyses of records for not less than the previous five (5) years.
B. Chemical analyses records for not less than the previous ten (10) years.
C. Actual laboratory reports may be kept, or data may be transferred to tabular summaries, provided that the following information is included:
1. The date, place and time of sampling and the name of the person who collected the sample;
2. Identification of the sample as to whether it was a routine distribution system sample, check sample, raw or process water sample or other special purpose sample;
3. Date of analysis;
4. Laboratory and person responsible for performing analysis;
5. The analytical technique/method used and;
6. The results of the analysis.
D. Records of action taken by the system to correct violations of PMCL regulations shall be kept for a period not less than three (3) years after the last action taken with respect to the particular violation involved.
E. Reports, summaries and communications relating to sanitary surveys shall be kept for a period not less than ten (10) years after completion of the sanitary survey of the system conducted by the system itself, by a private consultant or by any local, State or Federal agency.
F. Records concerning a variance or exemption shall be kept for a period ending not less than five (5) years following the expiration of such variance or exemption.
22.422 Records Kept by Division: Records of microbiological analyses of repeat or special samples shall be retained for not less than one (1) year in the form of actual laboratory reports or in an appropriate summary form. Records of each of the following decisions made pursuant to the total coliform provisions shall be made in writing and retained by the Division.
A. Records of the following decisions must be retained for five (5) years:
1. Any decision to waive the twenty-four (24) hour time limit for collecting repeat samples after a total coliform positive routine sample if the public water system has a logistical problem in collecting the repeat sample that is beyond the system's control, and what alternative time limit the system must meet.
2. Any decision to allow a system to waive the requirement for five (5) routine samples the month following a total coliform-positive sample. If the waiver decision is made, the record of the decision must contain all items listed in that paragraph.
3. Any decision to invalidate a total coliform-positive sample. If the decision to invalidate a total coliform positive sample is made, the record of the decision must contain all the items in that paragraph.
B. Records of each of the following decisions must be retained in such a manner so that each system's current status may be determined:
1. Any decision to reduce the total coliform monitoring frequency for a CWS serving one thousand (1000) persons or fewer, that has no history of total coliform contamination in its current configuration and had a sanitary survey conducted within the last five (5) years showing that the system is supplied solely by a protected ground water source and is free of sanitary defects, to less than once per month and what the reduced monitoring frequency is. A copy of the reduced monitoring frequency must be provided to the system.
2. Any decision to reduce the total coliform monitoring frequency for a NCWS using only ground water and serving one thousand (1000) persons or fewer to less than once per quarter, and what the reduced monitoring frequency is. A copy of the reduced monitoring frequency must be provided to the system.
3. Any decision to reduce the total coliform monitoring frequency for a NCWS using only ground water and serving more than one thousand (1000) persons during any month the system serves one thousand (1000) persons or fewer. A copy of the reduced monitoring frequency must be provided to the system.
4. Any decision to waive the twenty-four hour limit for taking a total coliform sample for a PWS which uses surface water, or ground water under the influence of surface water, and which does not practice filtration, and which measures a source water turbidity level exceeding one (1) NTU near the first service connection.
5. Any decision that a NCWS is using only protected and disinfected ground water and therefore may reduce the frequency of its sanitary survey to less than once every five (5) years and what that frequency is. A copy of the reduced frequency must be provided to the system.
6. A list of agents other than the Division, if any, approved by the Division to conduct sanitary surveys.
7. Any decision to allow a PWS to forgo fecal coliform or E. coli testing on a total coliform positive sample if that system assumes that the total coliform positive sample is fecal coliform positive or E. coli positive.
22.5 MICRO-BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS:
22.50 Sampling:
22.501 Sampling Sites: Compliance with bacteriological requirements of these Regulations shall be based on examinations of samples collected at sites which are representative of water throughout the distribution system according to a written sample siting plan. These plans are subject to Division review and revision.
22.502 CWS Sampling Frequency: The supplier of water for a CWS shall sample for total coliform bacteria at least monthly in numbers proportional to the population served by the system in accordance with the following:
Population Number of Samples
Served Per Month
25-1,000 |
1 |
1,001-2,500 |
2 |
2,501-3,300 |
3 |
3,301-4,100 |
4 |
4,101-4,900 |
5 |
4,901-5,800 |
6 |
5,801-6,700 |
7 |
6,701-7,600 |
8 |
7,601-8,500 |
9 |
8,501-12,900 |
10 |
12,901-17,200 |
15 |
17,201-21,500 |
20 |
21,501-25,000 |
25 |
25,001-33,000 |
30 |
33,001-41,000 |
40 |
41,001-50,000 |
50 |
50,001-59,000 |
60 |
59,001-70,000 |
70 |
70,001-83,000 |
80 |
83,001-96,000 |
90 |
96,001-130,000 |
100 |
130,001-220,000 |
120 |
22.503 Reduced Monitoring Frequency for CWSs: If a CWS serving twenty-five (25) to one thousand (1000) persons has no history of total coliform contamination in its current configuration and a sanitary survey conducted in the past five (5) years shows that the system is supplied solely by a protected ground water source and is free of sanitary defects, the Division may reduce the monitoring frequency specified above, except that in no case may the Division reduce the monitoring frequency to less than one (1) sample per quarter. The Division must approve the reduced monitoring frequency in writing.
22.504 NCWS Sampling Frequency: The supplier of water for a NCWS and NTNCWS shall sample for total coliform bacteria in accordance with the following:
A. A NCWS and NTNCWS using only ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface water) and serving one thousand (1000) persons or fewer must monitor each calendar quarter that the system provides water to the public, except that the Division may reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, if a sanitary survey shows that the system is free of sanitary defects. Beginning June 29, 1994 the Division cannot reduce the monitoring frequency for a NCWS using only ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface water) and serving one thousand (1000) persons or fewer to less than once per year.
B. A NCWS and NTNCWS using only ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface water) and serving more than one thousand (1000) persons during any month must monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized CWS, as specified in Section 22.502, except the Division may reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, for any month the system serves one thousand (1000) persons or fewer. The Division cannot reduce the monitoring frequency to less than once per year. For systems using ground water under the direct influence of surface water, Section 22.504D applies.
C. A NCWS and NTNCWS using surface water, in total or in part, must monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized CWS, as specified in Section 22.502, regardless of the number of persons it serves.
D. A NCWS and NTNCWS using ground water under the direct influence of surface water must monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized CWS, as specified in Section 22.502. The system must begin monitoring at this frequency beginning six (6) months after the Division determines that the ground water is under the direct influence of surface water.
22.505 Special Sampling for Surface Water Systems: A PWS that uses surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water, and does not practice filtration in compliance with Section 22.1004, must collect at least one (1) sample near the first service connection each day the turbidity level of the source water, measured as specified in Section 22.702, exceeds one (1) NTU. This sample must be analyzed for the presence of total coliforms. When one (1) or more turbidity measurements in any day exceed one (1) NTU, the system must collect this coliform sample within twenty-four (24) hours of the first exceedance, unless the Division determines that the system, for logistical reasons outside the system's control, cannot have the sample analyzed within thirty (30) hours of collection. Sample results from this coliform monitoring must be included in determining the MCL for total coliforms.
22.506 Monthly/Quarterly Sampling: The PWS must collect samples at regular time intervals throughout the month/quarter, except that a system that uses ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface water) and serves 4,900 persons or fewer, may collect all required samples on a single day if they are taken from different sites.
22.507 Special Purpose Samples: Special purpose samples, such as those taken to determine whether disinfection practices are sufficient following pipe placement, replacement, or repair, shall not be used to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms. Repeat samples taken pursuant to Section 22.513 are not considered special purpose samples, and must be used to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms.
22.51 Microbiological MCLs
22.511 Total Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms and E. coli: The MCLs for microbiological contaminants are in accordance with the following:
A. When any approved analytical methodology from Section 22.52 is used, compliance with the MCL is based on the presence or absence of total coliforms in a sample, rather than coliform density in accordance with the following:
1. For a system which collects at least forty (40) samples per month/quarter, if no more than 5.0 percent of the samples collected during a month/quarter are total coliform-positive, the system is in compliance with the MCL for total coliforms.
2. For a system which collects fewer than forty (40) samples per month/quarter, if no more than one (1) sample collected during a month/quarter is total coliform-positive, the system is in compliance with the MCL for total coliforms.
B. Any fecal coliform-positive repeat sample, or E. coli-positive repeat sample, or any total coliform-positive repeat sample following a fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive routine sample constitutes a violation of the MCL for total coliforms. For purposes of the public notification requirements in Section 22.41, this is a violation that may pose an acute risk to health.
C. A PWS must determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in accordance with the above for each month/quarter in which it is required to monitor for total coliforms.
D. The Division hereby identifies the following as the BAT, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCL for total coliforms above:
1. Protection of wells from contamination by coliforms by appropriate placement and construction;
2. Maintenance of a disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system;
3. Proper maintenance of the distribution system including appropriate pipe replacement and repair procedures, main flushing programs, proper operation and maintenance of storage tanks and reservoirs, and continual maintenance of positive water pressure in all parts of the distribution system;
4. Filtration and/or disinfection of surface water, or disinfection of ground water using strong oxidants such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or ozone.
5. The development of an EPA-approved State Wellhead Protection Program under Section 1428 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).
22.512 Invalidation of Total Coliform-Positive Samples: Each total coliform positive sample counts in compliance calculations, unless it has been invalidated by the Division. Invalidated samples do not count toward the minimum monitoring frequency. The Division may invalidate a sample if:
A. The analytical laboratory acknowledges that improper sample analysis caused the positive result;
B. A laboratory must invalidate a total coliform sample (unless total coliforms are detected) if the sample produces a turbid culture in the absence of gas production using an analytical method where gas formation is examined (e.g. the Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique), produces a turbid culture in the absence of an acid reaction in the Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test, or exhibits confluent growth or produces colonies too numerous too count with an analytical method using a membrane filter (e.g. Membrane Filter Technique). If a laboratory invalidates a sample because of such interference, the system must collect another sample from the same location as the original sample within twenty-four (24) hours of being notified of the interference problem, and have it analyzed for the presence of total coliforms. The system must continue to re-sample within twenty-four (24) hours and have the samples analyzed until it obtains a valid result. The Division may waive the twenty-four (24) hour time limit on a case-by-case basis.
C. The system determines that the contamination is a domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem on the basis that one (1) or more repeat samples taken at the same tap as the original total coliform positive sample is total coliform positive, but all repeat samples at nearby sampling locations that are within five (5) service connections of the original tap are total coliform negative. A total coliform-positive sample cannot be invalidated under this provision if the PWS has only one (1) service connection; or
D. The Division has substantial grounds to believe that a total coliform positive result is due to some circumstance or condition which does not reflect water quality in the distribution system, if:
1. The basis for this determination is documented in writing.
2. This document is signed and approved by the Division.
3. The documentation is made available to EPA and the public. The written documentation must state the specific cause of the total coliform-positive sample, and what action the system has taken, or will take, to correct this problem.
The system must still collect all repeat samples required under Section 22.513 to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Section 22.511.
22.513 Repeat Monitoring: When a total coliform-positive sample result is obtained, repeat sampling must be done in accordance with the following:
A. If a routine sample is total-coliform positive, the PWS must collect a set of repeat samples within twenty-four (24) hours of being notified of the positive result. A system which collects more than one (1) routine sample/month must collect no fewer than three (3) repeat samples for each total coliform positive sample found. A system which collects one (1) routine sample/month or fewer must collect no fewer than four (4) repeat samples for each total coliform positive sample found. The Division may extend the twenty-four (24) hour limit on a case-by-case basis if the system has a logistical problem in collecting the repeat samples within twenty-four hours that is beyond its control. In the case of an extension, the Division must specify how much time the system has to collect the repeat samples.
B. The system must collect at least one (1) repeat sample from the sampling tap where the original total coliform-positive sample was taken, and at least one (1) repeat sample at a tap within five (5) service connections upstream and at least one (1) repeat sample at a tap within five (5) service connections downstream of the original sampling site. If a total coliform-positive sample is at the end of the distribution system, or one (1) away from the end of the distribution system, the Division may waive the requirement to collect at least one (1) repeat sample upstream or downstream of the original sampling site.
C. The system must collect all repeat samples on the same day, except that the Division may allow a system with a single service connection to collect the required set of repeat samples over a four (4) day period or to collect a larger volume repeat sample(s) in one (1) or more sample containers of any size, as long as the total volume collected is at least four hundred (400) mL [three hundred (300) mL for systems which collect more than one (1) routine sample/month].
D. If one (1) or more repeat samples in the set is total coliform-positive, the PWS must collect an additional set of repeat samples in the manner specified in paragraphs A, B, and C of this Section. The additional samples must be collected within twenty-four (24) hours of being notified of the positive result, unless the Division extends the limit as provided in paragraph A of this Section. The system must repeat this process until either total coliforms are not detected in one (1) complete set of repeat samples or the system determines that the MCL for total coliforms in Section 22.511 has been exceeded and notifies the Division.
E. If a system collecting fewer than five (5) routine samples per month has one (1) or more total coliform-positive samples and the Division does not invalidate the sample(s) under Section 22.512, it must collect at least five (5) routine samples during the next month the system provides water to the public, except that the Division may waive this requirement if the conditions of paragraphs E1 and E2 are met. The Division cannot waive the requirement for a system to collect repeat samples in paragraphs A, B, C, and D of this Section.
1. The Division may waive the requirements to collect five (5) routine samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the Division, or an agent approved by the Division, performs a site visit before the end of the next month the system provides water to the public. Although a sanitary survey need not be performed, the site visit must be sufficiently detailed to allow the Division to determine whether additional monitoring and/or any corrective action is needed. The Division cannot approve an employee of the system to perform the site visit, even if the employee is an agent approved by the Division to perform sanitary surveys.
2. The Division may waive the requirements to collect five (5) routine samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the Division has determined why the sample was total coliform-positive and establishes that the system has corrected the problem or will correct the problem before the end of the next month the system serves water to the public. In this case, the Division must document this decision to waive the following months's additional monitoring requirement in writing, have it approved and signed by the supervisor of the Division official who recommends such a decision, and make this document available to the EPA and the public. The written documentation must describe the specific cause of the total coliform-positive sample and what action the system has taken and/or will take to correct this problem. The Division cannot waive the requirement to collect five (5) routine samples the next month the system provides water to the public solely on the grounds that all coliform samples are total coliform-negative. Under this paragraph, a system must still take at least one (1) routine sample before the end of the next month it serves water to the public and use it to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Section 22.511, unless the Division has determined that the system has corrected the contamination problem before the system took the set of repeat samples required in paragraphs A, B, C, and D of this Section, and all repeat samples were total coliform negative.
F. After a systems collects a routine sample and before it learns the results of the analysis of that sample, if it collects another routine sample(s) from within five (5) adjacent service connections of the initial sample, and the initial sample, after analysis, is found to contain total coliforms, then the system may count the subsequent sample(s) as a repeat sample instead of a routine sample.
G. Results of all routine and repeat samples not invalidated by the Division must be included in determining compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Section 22.511.
22.514 Initial/Subsequent Sanitary Surveys: PWSs which do not collect five (5) or more routine samples/month must undergo an initial sanitary survey by June 29, 1994 for CWSs and June 29, 1999 for NCWSs. Thereafter, systems must undergo another sanitary survey every five (5) years, except that NCWSs using only protected and disinfected ground water, as defined by the Division, must undergo subsequent sanitary surveys at least every ten (10) years after the initial sanitary survey. The Division must review the results of each sanitary survey to determine whether the existing monitoring frequency is adequate and what additional measures, if any, the system needs to undertake to improve drinking water quality. In conducting a sanitary survey of a system using ground water in a State having an EPA-approved wellhead protection program under Section 1428 of the SDWA, information on sources of contamination within the delineated wellhead protection area that was collected in the course of developing and implementing the program should be considered instead of collecting new information, if the information was collected since the last time the system was subject to a sanitary survey. Sanitary surveys must be performed by the Division and the system is responsible for ensuring the survey takes place.
22.515 Fecal Coliforms/Escherichia coli (E. coli) Testing: When a total coliform-positive sample result is obtained, the sample must be analyzed for fecal coliforms or E. coli in accordance with the following:
A. If any routine or repeat sample is total coliform- positive, the system must analyze that total coliform-positive culture medium to determine if fecal coliforms are present, except that the system may test for E. coli in lieu of fecal coliforms. If fecal coliforms or E. coli are present, the system shall notify the Division by the end of the day when the system is notified of the test result, unless the system is notified of the result after the Division office is closed, in which case the system shall notify the Division before the end of the next business day.
B. The Division has the discretion to allow the PWS, on a case by case basis, to forgo fecal coliform or E. coli testing on a total coliform-positive sample if that system assumes that the total coliform-positive sample is fecal coliform-positive or E. coli positive. Accordingly, the system shall notify the Division as specified in paragraph A of this Section and the provisions of Section 22.511B apply.
22.516 Response to Violation: A PWS which has exceeded the MCL for total coliforms in Section 22.511 must report the violation to the Division no later than the end of the next business day after it learns of the violation, and notify the public in accordance with Section 22.41. A PWS which has failed to comply with a coliform monitoring requirement, including the sanitary survey requirement, must report the monitoring violation to the Division within ten (10) days after the system discovers the violation, and notify the public in accordance with Section 22.41.
22.52 ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
22.521 Analytical Methodology: The standard sample volume required for total coliform analysis, regardless of analytical method used, is one hundred (100) ml. Public water systems need only determine the presence or absence of total coliforms. A determination of total coliform density is not required. Public water systems must conduct total coliform analyses in accordance with one (1) of the following analytical methods:
A. Membrane Filter Technique: As set forth in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1985, American Public Health Association et al., 16th edition, Method 909, 909A, and 909B - pp. 8886-896; or Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and Wastes, USEPA, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45628 (EPA-600/8-78-017, December 1978, available from ORD Publications, CERI, USEPA Cincinnati, Ohio 45268), Part III, Section B.2.1-2.6, pp. 108-112.
B. Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) Technique: As set forth in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1985, American Public Health Association et al., 16th edition, Method 908, 908A, and 908B - pp. 870-878, except that 10 fermentation tubes must be used; or Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and Wastes, USEPA, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45628 (EPA-600/8-78-017, December 1978, available from ORD Publications, CERI, USEPA Cincinnati, Ohio 45268), Part III, Section B.4.1-4.6.4, pp. 114-118 (Most Probable Number Method) except that 10 fermentation tubes must be used. NOTE- In lieu of the 10 tube MTF Technique specified in paragraph A above, a public water system may use the MTF Technique using either five (5) tubes (20 ml sample portions) or a single culture bottle containing a culture medium for the MTF Technique, i.e. lauryl tryptose broth (formulated as described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1985, American Public Health Association et al., 16th edition, Method 908A-pp. 872), as long as a 100 ml water sample is used in the analysis.
C. Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG (MMO-MUG) Test: As set forth in the article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli from Drinking Water: Comparison with Presence-Absence Techniques" (Edberg et al.), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 55, pp. 1003-1008, April 1989. (Note: The MMO-MUG Test) is sometimes referred to as the Autoanalysis Colilert System).
D. Fecal Coliform Test: PWSs must conduct fecal coliform analysis in accordance with the following procedure. When the MTF Technique or Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test is used to test for total coliforms, shake the lactose-positive presumptive tube or P-A bottle vigorously and transfer the growth with a sterile three (3) mm loop or sterile applicator stick into brilliant green lactose bile broth and EC medium to determine the presence of total and fecal coliforms, respectively. For EPA approved analytical methods which use a membrane filter, remove the membrane containing the total coliform colonies from the substrate with a sterile forceps and carefully curl and insert the membrane into a tube of EC medium. (The laboratory may first remove a small portion of selected colonies for verification.) Alternatively, swab the entire membrane filter surface with a sterile cotton swab and transfer the swab to the EC medium. (The cotton swab should not be left in the EC medium.) Gently shake the inoculated tube of EC medium to insure adequate mixing and incubate in a waterbath at 44.5 + 0.2 C for twenty-four (24) + 2 hours. Gas production of any amount in the inner fermentation tube of the EC medium indicates a positive fecal coliform test. The preparation of EC medium is described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, 16th edition, Method 908C-pp.879, paragraph 1a. PWSs need only determine the presence or absence of fecal coliforms. A determination of fecal coliform density is not required.
SECTION 22.6 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
22.60 INORGANIC CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
22.601 PMCLs AND SMCLs: The following are the inorganic PMCLs and SMCLs (mg/L -milligrams per liter). Compliance is determined pursuant to Section 22.602.
A. PMCLs
Substance MCL
Antimony (Sb) |
0.006 mg/L |
Arsenic (As) |
0.05 mg/L |
Asbestos |
7 MF/L |
Barium (Ba) |
2 mg/L |
Beryllium (Be) |
0.004 mg/L |
Cadmium (Cd) |
0.005 mg/L |
Chromium (Cr) |
0.1 mg/L |
Cyanide (Cn) |
0.2 mg/L |
Fluoride (F) |
See Section 22.603 |
Lead (Pb) |
0.02 mg/L |
Mercury (Hg) |
0.002 mg/L |
Nickel (Ni) |
0.1 mg/L |
Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N) |
10 mg/L (See Section 22.602 I3) |
Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO-N) |
1 mg/L |
Total Nitrate Nitrogen and Nitrite Nitrogen |
10 mg/L |
Selenium (Se) |
0.05 mg/L |
Thallium (Tl) |
0.002 mg/L |
Turbidity |
See Section 22.701 |
* MFL - million fibers per liter, with fiber length > 10 microns
B. SMCLs
Substance MCL
Aluminum |
0.05-0.2 mg/L |
Chloride (Cl) |
250 mg/L |
Color |
15 color units |
Copper (Cu) |
1 mg/L |
Corrosivity |
Noncorrosive (See Section22.71) |
Foaming Agents |
0.50 mg/L |
Iron (Fe) |
0.30 mg/L |
Manganese (Mn) |
0.05 mg/L |
Odor |
3 threshold odor number |
pH |
6.5 - 8.5 |
Silver |
0.1 mg/L |
Sulfate (SO4) |
250 mg/L |
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) |
500 mg/L |
Zinc (Zn) |
5 mg/L |
C. The following maximum contaminant level for cadmium, chromium, mercury, nitrate, and selenium shall remain effective until July 30, 1992.
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1. The following maximum contaminant level for lead shall remain effective until December 7, 1992.
Lead 0.05 mg/L
C.D. The Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG) for lead and copper are as follows:
Lead |
0 mg/L |
Copper |
1.3 mg/L |
22.602 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS: Community water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels specified in Section 22.601 in accordance with this section. Non-transient, non-community water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels specified in Section 22.601 in accordance with this section. Transient, non-community water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the nitrate and nitrite maximum contaminant levels in Section 22.601 in accordance with this section.
A. Monitoring shall be conducted as follows:
1. Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each well after treatment [hereafter called a sampling point] beginning in the compliance period starting January 1, 1993. The system shall take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
a. Groundwater systems with 150 or more service connections shall begin monitoring for Phase II and Phase V contaminants on January 1, 1993.
b. Groundwater systems with less than150 service connections shall begin monitoring for Phase II contaminants on January 1, 1993 and for Phase V contaminants on January 1, 1996.
2. Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system after any application of treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is representative of each source after treatment [hereafter called a sampling point] beginning in the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993. The system shall take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
NOTE: FOR PURPOSES OF THIS PARAGRAPH, SURFACE WATER SYSTEMS INCLUDE SYSTEMS WITH A COMBINATION OF SURFACE AND GROUND SOURCES.
a. Surface water systems with 150 or more service connections shall begin monitoring for Phase II and Phase V contaminants on January 1, 1993.
b. Surface water systems with less than 150 service connections shall begin monitoring for Phase II contaminants on January 1, 1993 and for Phase V contaminants on January 1, 1996.
3. If a system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used).
4. The Division may reduce the total number of samples which must be analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed provided that the detection limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL. Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory.
a. If the concentration in the composite sample is greater than or equal to one-fifth of the MCL of any inorganic chemical, then a follow-up sample must be taken within 14 days at each sampling point included in the composite. These samples must be analyzed for the contaminants which exceeded one-fifth of the MCL in the composite sample. Detection limits for each analytical method are the following:
DETECTION LIMITS FOR INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
|
Contaminants |
MCL (mg/L) |
Method |
Detection Limit (mg/L) |
Antimony |
0.006 |
Atomic Absorption furnace CP-Mass Spectrometry Hydride-Atomic Absorption |
0.003 0.0008 6 0.0004 0.001 |
Asbestos |
7MFL2 |
Transmission Electron Microscopy |
0.01 MFL |
Barium |
2 |
Atomic Absorption furnace Technique Atomic Absorption direct aspiration
|
0.002 0.1 |
Inductively Coupled Plasma |
0.002 (0.001) 1 | ||
Beryllium |
0.004 |
Atomic Absorption furnace xl Inductively Coupled Plasma3 ICP-Mass Spectrometry |
0.0002 0.00002 6 0.0003 0.0003 |
Cadmium |
0.005 |
Atomic Absorption furnace Technique Inductively Coupled Plasma |
0.0001 0.001 1 |
Chromium |
0.1 |
Atomic Absorption furnace Technique Inductively Coupled Plasma |
0.001 0.007 (0.001) 1 |
Cyanide |
0.2 |
Distillation, |
|
Spectrophotometric4 Distillation, Automated, Spectrophotometric4 Distillation, Selective Electrode4 Distillation, Amenable Spectrophotometric5 |
0.02 0.005 0.05 0.02 | ||
Mercury |
0.002 |
Manual Cold Vapor Technique Automated Cold Vapor Technique |
0.0002 0.0002 |
Nickel |
0.1 |
Atomic Absorption furnace Inductively Coupled Plasma3 ICP-Mass Spectrometry |
0.001 0.0006 6 0.005 0.0005 |
Nitrate |
10 |
Manual Cadmium Reduction Automated Hydrazine Reduction Automated Cadmium Reduction Ion Selective Electrode Ion Chromatography |
0.01 0.01 0.05 1 0.01 |
Nitrite |
1 |
Spectrophotometric Automated Cadmium Reduction Manual Cadmium Reduction Ion Chromatography |
0.01 0.05 0.01 0.004 |
Selenium |
0.05 |
Atomic Absorption furnace Atomic Absorption gaseous hydride |
0.002 0.002 |
Thallium |
0.002 |
Atomic Absorption furnace ICP-Mass Spectrometry |
0.001 0.0007 6 0.0003 |
1 Using concentration technique in Appendix A to EPA Method 200.7.
2 MFL = million fibers per liter > 10 um.
3 Using a 2X Preconcentration step as noted in Method 200.7. Lower MDLs may be achieved when using a 4X preconcentration.
4 Screening method for total cyanides.
5 Measures "free" cyanides.
6 Lower MDLs are reported using stabilized temperature graphite furnace atomic absorption.
b. If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then compositing may only be permitted by the Division at sampling points within a single system. In systems serving <3,300 persons, the State may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample limit is maintained.
c. If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling point used in the composite are available, the system may use these instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the results reported to the Division within 14 days of collection
5. The frequency of monitoring for asbestos shall be in accordance with paragraph (B) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium shall be in accordance with paragraph (C) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for nitrate shall be in accordance with paragraph (D) of this section; and the frequency of monitoring for nitrite shall be in accordance with paragraph (E) of this section.
B. The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for asbestos specified in Section 22.601 shall be conducted as follows:
1. Each community and non-transient, non-community water system is required to monitor for asbestos during the first three-year compliance period of each nine-year compliance cycle beginning in the compliance period starting January 1, 1993.
2. If the system believes it is not vulnerable to either asbestos contamination in its source water or due to corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe, or both, it may apply to the Division for a waiver of the monitoring requirement in paragraph (B1) of this section. If the Division grants the waiver, the system is not required to monitor.
3. The Division may grant a waiver based on a consideration of the following factors:
a. Potential asbestos contamination of the water source, and
b. The use of asbestos-cement pipe for finished water distribution and the corrosive nature of the water.
4. A waiver remains in effect until the completion of the three-year compliance period. Systems not receiving a waiver must monitor in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (B1) of this section.
5. A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.
6. A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to source water shall monitor in accordance with the provision of paragraph (A) of this section.
7. A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due both to its source water supply and corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at each entry point after treatment and a minimum of one tap sample served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.
8. A system which exceeds PMCL listed in Section 22.601 shall monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the violation occurred.
9. The Division may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequency specified in paragraph B1 of this section provided the Division has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case can a Division make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface (or combined surface/ground) water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.
10. If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990 are generally consistent with the requirements of this section then the Division may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993.
C. The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels in Section 22.601 for antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be as follows:
1. Groundwater systems shall take one sample at each sampling point once every three (3) years. Surface Water systems [or combined surface/ground] shall take one sample annually at each sampling point beginning January 1, 1993.
2. The system may apply to the Division for a waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in paragraph C(1) of this section.
3. A condition of the waiver shall require that a system shall take a minimum of one sample while the waiver is effective. The term during which the waiver is effective shall not exceed one compliance cycle (i.e., nine years).
4. The Division may grant a waiver provided surface water systems have monitored annually for at least three years and groundwater systems have conducted a minimum of three rounds of monitoring. (At least one sample shall have been taken since January 1, 1990). Both surface and groundwater systems shall demonstrate that all previous analytical results were less than the maximum contaminant level. Systems that use a new water source are not eligible for a waiver until three rounds of monitoring from the new source have been completed.
5. In determining the appropriate reduced monitoring frequency, the Division shall consider:
a. Reported concentrations from all previous monitoring.
b. The degree of variation in reported concentrations; and
c. Other factors which may affect contaminant concentrations such as changes in groundwater pumping rates, changes in the systems configuration, changes in the system's operating procedures, or changes in stream flows or characteristics.
6. A decision by the Division to grant a waiver shall be made in writing and shall set forth the basis for the determination. The determination may be initiated by the Division or upon an application by the public water system. The public water system shall specify the basis for its request. The Division shall review and, where appropriate, revise its determination of the appropriate monitoring frequency when the system submits new monitoring data or when other data relevant to the system's appropriate monitoring frequency become available.
7. Systems which exceed the MCLs as calculated in paragraph I of this Section shall monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the violation occurred.
8. The Division may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequencies specified in paragraphs C1 and C2 of this section provided it has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case can the Division make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.
D. All public water systems (community; non-transient, non-community; and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrate in Section 22.601.
1. Community and non-transient, non-community water systems served by groundwater systems shall monitor annually beginning January 1, 1993; systems served by surface water shall monitor quarterly beginning January 1, 1993.
2. For community and non-transient, non-community water systems, the repeat monitoring frequency for groundwater systems shall be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the concentration is >50 percent of the MCL. The Division may allow a groundwater system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after four consecutive quarterly samples are reliably and consistently less than the MCL.
3. For community and non-transient, non-community water systems, the Division may allow a surface water system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually if all analytical results from four consecutive quarters are <50 percent of the MCL. A surface water system shall return to quarterly monitoring if any one sample is >50 percent of the MCL.
4. Each transient non-community water system shall monitor annually beginning January 1, 1993.
5. After the initial round of quarterly sampling is completed, each community and non-transient non-community system which is monitoring annually shall take subsequent samples during the quarter(s) which previously resulted in the highest analytical result.
E. All public water systems (community; non-transient, non-community;and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrite in Section 22.601
1. All public water systems shall take one sample at each sampling point in the distribution system during the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993 and ending December 31, 1995.
2. After the initial sample, systems where an analytical result for nitrite is <50 percent of the MCL shall monitor at the frequency specified by the Division.
3. For community, non-transient, non-community, and transient non-community water systems, the repeat monitoring frequency for any water system shall be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the concentration is >50 percent of the MCL. The Division may allow a system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after determining the system is reliably and consistently less than the MCL.
4. Systems which are monitoring annually shall take each subsequent sample during the quarter(s) which previously resulted in the highest analytical result.
F. Confirmation Samples:
1. Where the results of sampling for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, or thallium indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant level, the Division may require that one additional sample be collected as soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed two weeks) at the same sampling point.
2. Where nitrate or nitrite sampling results indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant level, the system shall take a confirmation sample within 24 hours of the system's receipt of notification of the analytical results of the first sample. Systems unable to comply with the 24-hour sampling requirement must immediately notify the consumers in the area served by the public water system in accordance with Section 22.41. Systems exercising this option must take and analyze a confirmation sample within two weeks of notification of the analytical results of the first sample.
3. If a Division-required confirmation sample is taken for any contaminant, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample shall be averaged. The resulting average shall be used to determine the system's compliance in accordance with paragraph I of this section. The Division has the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors.
G. The Division may require more frequent monitoring than specified in paragraphs B, C, D and E of this section or may require confirmation samples for positive and negative results at its discretion.
H. Systems may apply to the Division to conduct more frequent monitoring than the minimum monitoring frequencies specified in this section.
I. Compliance with Section 22.601 shall be determined based on the analytical result(s) obtained at each sampling point:
1. For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency greater than annual, compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium is determined by a running annual average at each sampling point. If the average at any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance. If any one sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any sample below the detection limit shall be calculated at zero for the purpose of determining the annual average.
2. For systems which are monitoring annually, or less frequently, the system is out of compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium if the level of a contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is required by the Division, the determination of compliance will be based on the average of two samples.
3. Compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for nitrate and nitrite is determined based on one sample if the levels of these contaminants are below the MCLs. If the levels of nitrate and/or nitrite exceed the MCLs in the initial sample, a confirmation sample is required and compliance shall be determined based on the average of the initial and confirmation samples.
4. If a public water system has a distribution system separable from other parts of the distribution system with no interconnections, the Division may allow the system to give public notice to only the area served by that portion of the system which is out of compliance.
J. Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated by the Division during each compliance period.
K. At the discretion of the Division, nitrate levels not to exceed 20 mg/L may be allowed in NCWS and NTNCWS if the supplier of water demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Division that:
1. Such water will not be available to children under one (1) year of age;
2. There will be continuous posting of the fact that nitrate levels exceed ten (10) mg/L and the potential health effects of exposure and;
3. No adverse health effects shall result.
22.603 Fluoride (F):
A. Where fluoridation has been or will be instituted as provided by Delaware Law and the fluoride content of a water supply is less than 0.8 mg/L, fluoride should be adjusted to provide a concentration within a range of 0.8-1.2 mg/L and shall not exceed 1.8 mg/L. Defluoridation of water shall be provided when the natural fluoride concentration exceeds 1.8 mg/L. In addition to the sampling and analysis required by Section 22.605, fluoridated and defluoridated water supplies shall be sampled and analyzed daily by the supplier of water at a representative point(s) in the water supply system. The fluoride levels shall be reported to the Division pursuant to Section 22.401.
B. All municipal water supplies, whether municipally owned or privately owned, shall comply with paragraph A of this section. All affected water supplies shall submit cost estimates to the Department of Health and Social Services no later than November 15, 1998.
22.604 Sodium (Na):
A. The supplier of water for a CWS shall collect and analyze one (1) sample per plant at the entry point of the distribution system for the determination of sodium concentration levels; samples must be collected and analyzed annually for systems utilizing surface water sources in whole or in part and at least every three (3) years for systems utilizing solely ground water sources. The minimum number of samples required to be taken by the system shall be based on the number of treatment plants used by the system, except that multiple wells drawing raw water from a single aquifer may, with Division approval be considered one (1) treatment plant for determining the minimum number of samples. The supplier of water may be required by the Division to collect and analyze water samples for sodium more frequently in locations where the sodium content is variable.
B. The supplier of water shall report to the Division the results of analyses for sodium pursuant to Section 22.401.
C. The supplier of water shall notify appropriate local and State public health officials of the sodium levels by written notice by direct mail within three (3) months. A copy of each notice required to be provided by this paragraph shall be sent to the Division within ten (10) days of issuance. The supplier of water is not required to notify appropriate local and State public health officials of the sodium levels where the Division provides such notices in lieu of the supplier.
D. Analysis for sodium shall performed by the flame photometric method in accordance with the procedures described in "Standard Methods for the EXamination of Water Wastewater" 14th Edition, pp. 250-253, or by Method 273.1, Atomic Absorption - Direct Aspiration or Method 273.2, Atomic Absorption Graphite Furnace, in "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Waste," EMSL Cincinnati, EPA, 1979, or by Method D1428-64(a) in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, part 31, Water or any alternate analytical technique approved by the Division.
22.605 Inorganic Compliance Determination: Analysis for the purpose of determining compliance with Section 22.601 shall be in accordance with the following:
A. PMCL analyses for all CWSs utilizing surface water sources hall be conducted annually. SMCL analyses shall be performed at the discretion of the Division.
B. PMCL analyses for all CWSs utilizing only ground water sources shall be conducted at three (3) year intervals. SMCL analyses shall be performed at the discretion of the Division.
C. For NCWSs and NTNCWSs, whether supplied by surface or ground water sources, analyses for nitrate shall be conducted at intervals determined by the Division.
D. The Division has the authority to determine compliance or initiate enforcement action based upon analytical results and other information complied by its sanctioned representatives and agencies.
E. If the result of an analysis made pursuant to paragraphs A, B and C indicates that the level of any primary contaminant listed in Section 22.601, excluding nitrates, exceeds the PMCL, the supplier of water shall report to the Division within seven (7) days and initiate three (3) additional analyses at the same sampling point with one (1) month.
F. When the average of four (4) analyses made pursuant to paragraph E of this section, rounded to the same number of significant figures as the PMCL for the substance in question, exceeds the PMCL, the supplier of water shall notify the Division pursuant to Section 22.40 and give notice to the public pursuant to Section 22.41. Monitoring after public notification shall be at a frequency designated by the Division and shall continue until the PMCL has not been exceeded in two (2) successive samples or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective.
G. The provision of paragraphs E and F of this Section notwithstanding compliance with the PMCL for nitrate shall be determined on the basis of the mean of two (2) analyses. When a level exceeding the PMCL for nitrate is found, a second analysis shall be initiated within twenty-four (24) hours, and if the mean of the two (2) analyses exceeds the PMCL, the supplier of water shall report his findings to the Division pursuant to Section 22.40 and shall notify the public pursuant to Section 22.41.
H. For the initial analyses required by paragraphs A, B and C of this Section, data for surface waters acquired within one (1) year prior to the effective date and data for ground waters acquired within three (3) years prior to the effective date of this Section may be substituted at the discretion of the Division.
22.606 Analytical Methodology: Analyses conducted to determine compliance with Section 22.601 for inorganic chemicals shall be made in accordance with the following methods.
A. PMCLs11
1. Antimony--Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique14 using Method1 204.2 or Method3 3113; Atomic Absorption Platform Technique14 using Method9 220.9; ICP-Mass Spectrometry14 using Method9 200.8; Hydride-Atomic Absorption15 using Method2 D-3697-87.
2. Arsenic--Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique using Method1 206.2 or Method3 30415; Atomic Absorption Gaseous Hydride using Method1 206.3, Method2 D2972-84B, Method3 303E or Method4 I-3063-85; Inductively Coupled Plasma using Method1 200.7A8; or Spectrophotometric Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate using Method1 206.4, Method2 D2972-84A or Method3 307B after C(4A).
3. Asbestos--Transmission Electron Microscopy "Analytical Method For Determination of Asbestos Fiber in Water," EPA-600/4-83-043, September 1983, U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30613.
4. Barium--Atomic Absorption Direct Aspiration14 using Method1 208.1 or Method3 3111D; Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique14 using Method1 208.2, or Method3 3113B; or Inductively Coupled Plasma8,14 using Method1 200.7 or Method3 3120.
5. Beryllium--Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique14 using Method1 210.2 or Method2 D-3645-84B or Method3 3113; Atomic Absorption Platform Technique14 using Method9 200.9; Inductively Coupled Plasma8,14 using Method9 200.7 or Method3 3120; ICP-Mass Spectrometry14 using Method9 200.8.
6. Cadmium--Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique14 using Method1 213.2, Method3 3113B; or Inductively Coupled Plasma14 using Method1 200.7.
7. Chromium--Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique14 using Method1 218.2, Method3 3113B; or Inductively Coupled Plasma14 using Method1 200.7 or Method3 3120.
8. Cyanide--Spectrophotometric Distillation using Method1 335.2 or Method2 D-2036-89A or Method3 4500-CN-D or Method4 I330085; Automated Spectrophotometric Distillation using Method1 335.3 or Method3 4500-CN-E; Selective Electrode Distillation using Method2 D-2036-89A or Method3 4500-CN-F; Amenable Spectrophotometric Distillation using Method1 335.1 or Method2 D-2036-89B or Method3 4500-CN-G.
9. Fluoride--Colorimetric SPADNS with Distillation using Method1 340.1, Method2 D1179-72A or Method3 43A and C; Potentiometric Ion Selective Electrode using Method1 340.2, Method2 D1179-72B or Method3 413B; Automated Alizarin Fluoride Blue with Distillation using Method1 340.3, Method3 413E or Method5 129-71W; or Automated Ion Selective Electrode using Method6 380-75WE.
10. Lead--Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique using Method1 239.2
11. Mercury--Manual Cold Vapor Technique15 using Method1 245.1, Method2 D3223-86 or Method3 3112B; or Automated Cold Vapor Technique15 using Method1 245.2.
12. Nickel--Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique14 using Method1 249.2 or Method3 3113; Atomic Absorption Platform Technique14 using Method9 200.9; Atomic Absorption Direct Aspiration14 using Method1 249.1 or Method3 3111B; Inductively Coupled Plasma14 using Method9 200.7 or Method3 3120; ICP-Mass Spectrometry14 using Method9 200.8.
13. Nitrate-N--Manual Cadmium Reduction using Method1 353.3, Method2 D3867-90 or Method3 4500-NO3-E; Automated Hydrazine Reduction using Method1 353.1, Automated Cadmium Reduction using Method1 353.2, Method2 D3867-90 or Method3 4500-NO3-F; Ion Selective Electrode using Method7 WeWWG/5880; or Ion Chromatography using Method11 300.0 or Method10 B-1011.
14. Nitrite-N--Spectrophotometric using Method1 354.1 Manual Cadmium Reduction using Method1 353.3, Method2 D3867-90 or Method3 4500-NO3-E; Automated Cadmium Reduction using Method1 353.2, Method2 D3867-90 or Method3 4500-NO3-F; or Ion Chromatography using Method11 300.0 or Method10 B-1011.
15. Selenium--Atomic Absorption Gaseous Hydride15 Using Method2 D3859-84A, Method3 3114B; Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique13 14 using Method1 270.2, Method2 D3859-88 or Method3 3113B.
16. Thallium--Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique14 using Method1 279.2 or Method3 3113; Atomic Absorption Platform Technique14 using Method9 200.9; ICP-Mass Spectrometry14 using Method9 200.8.
B. SMCLs
1. Aluminum--Atomic Absorption Direct Aspiration using Method1 202.1, Method3 303C, or Method4 I-305i-84; Atomic Absorption Graphite Furnace Technique using Method1 202.2 or Method3 304; Atomic Absorption Platform Technique using Method9 200.9; Inductively Coupled Plasma Technique using Method9 200.7 or Method3 3120B; ICP-Mass Spectrometry using Method9 200.8.
2. Chloride--Potentiometric using Method3 407C; or Ion Chromatography using Method1 300.0, Method2 D4327 or Method3 429.
3. Color--Colorimetric Platinum Cobalt using Method1 110.2; Visual Comparison using Method3 204A; or Spectrophotometric using Method3 204B.
4. Foaming Agents--Methylene Blue Active Substances using Method1 425.1; or Anionic Surfactants as MBAS using Method3 512B.
5. Iron--Atomic Absorption Direct Aspiration using Method1 236.1; Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique using Method1 236.2; or Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry using Method3 303.
6. Manganese--Atomic Absorption Direct Aspiration using Method1 243.1; Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique using Method1 243.2; or Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry using Method3 303.
7. Odor--Threshold Odor Consistent Series using Method1 140.1; or Odor using Method3 207.
8. pH--Potentiometric using Method1 150.1, Method2 D1293-84A or B, or Method3 423.
9. Sulfate--Turbidimetric using Method1 375.4 or Method2 D516-82A; or Ion Chromatography using Method1 300.0 or Method2 D4327.
10. Total Dissolved Solids (Total Filterable Residue)--Gravimetric using Method1 160.1, Method3 209B or Method4 I-1750-84.
11. Zinc--Atomic Absorption Direct Aspiration using Method1 289.1; Atomic Absorption Furnace Technique using Method1 289.2; or Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry using Method3 303.
12. Any alternate analytical technique approved by the Division.
1 "Methods of Chemical analysis of Water and Wastes," EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 (EPA-600/4-79-020), March 1985. Available from ORD Publications, CERI, EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 11.01, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19013.
3 "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 17th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, 1985.
4 "Methods for Determination of Inorganic Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments," Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey Book 5, Chapter A-1, Third Edition, 1989. Available at Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
5 "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater. Industrial Method #129-71 W." Technicon Industrial Systems. Tarrytown, New York 10591, December 1972.
6 "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater," Technicon Industrial Systems. Tarrytown, New York 10591, February 1976.
7 "Orion Guide to Water and Wastewater Analysis." Form WeWWG/5880, p. 5, 1985. Orion Research, Inc., Cambridge, Maryland.
8 "Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Analysis of Drinking Water," Appendix to Method 200.7, September 1985. U.S.E.P.A. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
9 "Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples," Available at NTIS, PB 91-231498.
10 "Water Test Method for Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in Water Using Single Column Ion Chromatograph, Method B-1011,"Millipore Corporation, Waters Chromatography Division, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 001757.
11 "Method 300. Determination of Inorganic Anions in Water by Ion Chromatography," Inorganic Chemistry Branch, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, August 1991.
12 The addition of 1 mL of 30% H2O2 to each 100 mL of standards and samples is required before analysis.
13 Prior to dilution of the Arsenic and Selenium calibration standards, add 2 mL of 30% H2O2 for each 100 mL of standard.
14 Samples that contain less than 1 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit) and are properly preserved (conc HNO3 to pH < 2) may be analyzed directly (without digestion) for total metals, otherwise digestion is required. Turbidity must be measured on the preserved samples just prior to the initiation of metal analysis. When digestion is required, the total recoverable technique as defined in the method must be used.
15 For the gaseous hydride determinations of antimony and selenium and for the determination of mercury by the cold vapor techniques, the proper digestion technique as defined in the method must be followed to ensure the element is in the proper state for analyses.
16 For approved analytical procedures for metals, the technique applicable to total metals must be used.
C. Sample Collection and Preservation: - Sample collection for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite, selenium and thallium under this section shall be conducted using the sample preservation method(s), container, and maximum holding time procedures specified in the table below:
Contaminant |
Preservative 1 |
Container2 |
Time 3 |
Antimony Asbestos Barium Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cyanide Fluoride Mercury Nickel Nitrate: -Chlorinated -Non-chlorinated Nitrite Selenium Thallium |
Conc HNO3 to pH <2 Cool, 4 oC Conc HNO3 to pH <2 Conc HNO3 to pH <2 Conc HNO3 to pH <2 Conc HNO3 to pH <2 Cool 4o C, NAOH to pH >124 None Conc HNO3 to pH <2 Conc HNO3 to pH <2 Cool, 4 oC Conc H2SO4 to pH <2 Cool, 4 oC Conc HNO3 to pH <2 Conc HNO3 to pH <2 |
P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G P or G |
6 months 6 months 6 months 6 months 6 months 14 days 1 month 28 days 6 months 28 days 14 days 48 hours 6 months 6 months |
1 If HNO3 cannot be used because of shipping restrictions, sample may be initially preserved by icing and immediately shipped to the laboratory. Upon receipt in the laboratory, the sample must be acidified with conc HNO3 to pH <2. At time of analysis, sample container should be thoroughly rinsed with 1:1 HNO3; washings should be added to sample.
2 P = plastic, hard or soft; G = glass, hard or soft.
3 In all cases, samples should be analyzed as soon after collection as possible.
4 See method(s) for the informaton for preservation.
D. Lab Approval: Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by laboratories that have received approval by EPA or the State of Delaware. Laboratories may conduct sample analysis under provisional certification until January 1, 1996. To receive approval to conduct analyses for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite, selenium, and thallium the laboratory must:
1. Analyze Performance Evaluation samples which include those substances provided by EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory or equivalent samples provided by the State of Delaware.
2. Achieve quantitative results on the analyses that are within the following acceptance limits:
Contaminants Acceptance limit
Antimony 6#30 at >0.006 mg/l
Asbestos 2 Standard deviations based on study statistics
Barium +15% at >0.15 mg/l
Beryllium +15% at >0.001 mg/l
Cadmium +20% at >0.002 mg/l
Chromium +15% at >0.01 mg/l
Cyanide +25% at >0.1 mg/l
Fluoride +10% at >1 to 10 mg/l
Mercury +30% at >0.0005 mg/l
Nickel +15% at >0.01 mg/l
Nitrate +10% at >0.4 mg/l
Nitrite +15% at >0.4 mg/l
Selenium +20% at >0.01 mg/l
Thallium +30% at >0.002 mg/l
22.607 Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu): - Unless otherwise indicated, each of the provisions of this Section applies to CWSs and NTNCWSs. The requirements in Section (22.607) shall take effect November 9, 1992.
A. General Requirements:
1. Action Level:
a. The lead action level is exceeded if the concentration of lead in more than 10 percent of tap water samples collected during any monitoring period conducted in accordance with Section 22.607(G) is greater than 0.015 mg/L (i.e., if the "90th percentile" lead level is greater than 0.015 mg/L).
b. The copper action level is exceeded if the concentration of copper in more than 10 percent of tap water samples collected during any monitoring period conducted in accordance with Section 22.607(G) is greater than 1.3 mg/L (i.e., if the "90th percentile" copper level is greater than 1.3 mg/L).
c. The 90th percentile lead and copper levels shall be computed as follows:
1. The results of all lead or copper samples taken during a monitoring period shall be placed in ascending order from the sample with the lowest concentration to the sample with the highest concentration. Each sampling result shall be assigned a number ascending by single integers beginning with the number 1 for the sample with the lowest contaminant level. The number assigned to the sample with the highest contaminant level shall be equal to the total number of samples taken.
2. The number of samples taken during the monitoring period shall be multiplied by 0.9.
3. The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample yielded by the calculation in paragraph 1C(2) is the 90th percentile contaminant level.
4. For water systems serving fewer than 100 people that collect five samples per monitoring period, the 90th percentile is computed by taking the average of the highest and second highest concentrations.
2. Corrosion Control Treatment Requirements:
a. All water systems shall install and operate optimal corrosion control treatment as defined in Section 22.147.
b. Any water system that complies with the applicable corrosion control treatment requirements specified by the Division under Sections 22.607 B and C shall be deemed in compliance with each treatment requirement contained in paragraph 2(a) of this section.
3. Source Water Treatment Requirements: Any system exceeding the lead or copper action level shall implement all applicable source water treatment requirements specified by the Division under Section 22.607D.
4. Lead Service Line Replacement: Any system exceeding the lead action level after implementation of applicable corrosion control and source water treatment requirements shall complete the lead service line replacement requirements contained in Section 22.607E.
5. Public Education Requirements: Any system exceeding the lead action level shall implement the public education requirements contained in Section 22.607F.
6. Monitoring and Analytical Requirements: Tap water monitoring for lead and copper, monitoring for water quality parameters, source water monitoring for lead and copper, and analyses of the monitoring results under this Section shall be completed in compliance with Sections 22.607 G, H, I and L.
7. Reporting Requirements: Systems shall report to the Division any information required by the treatment provisions of this Section and Section 22.607J.
8. Recordkeeping Requirements: Systems shall maintain records in accordance with Section 22.607K.
9. Violation of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Failure to comply with the applicable requirements of Section 22.607 including requirements established by the Division pursuant to these provisions, shall constitute a violation of the national primary drinking water regulations for lead and/or copper.
B. Applicability of Corrosion Control Treatment Steps for Small, Medium Size and Large Water Systems:
1. Systems shall complete the applicable corrosion control treatment requirements described in Section 22.607C by the deadlines established in this section.
a. A large system (serving >50,000 persons) shall complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph (4) of this section, unless it is deemed to have optimized corrosion control under paragraph 2(b) or 2(c) of this section.
b. A small system (serving <3300 persons) and a medium-size system (serving >3,300 and <50,000 persons) shall complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph (5) of this section, unless it is deemed to have optimized corrosion control under paragraph 2(a), 2(b) or 2(c) of this section.
2. A system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control and is not required to complete the applicable corrosion control treatment steps identified in this section if the system satisfies one of the following criteria:
a. A small or medium-size water system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control if the system meets the lead and copper action levels during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods conducted in accordance with Section 22.607(G).
b. Any water systems may be deemed by the Division to have optimized corrosion control treatment if the system demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Division that it has conducted activities equivalent to the corrosion control steps applicable to such system under this section. If the division makes this determination, it shall provide the systems with written notice explaining the basis for its decision and shall specify the water quality control parameters representing optimal corrosion control in accordance with Section 22.607(C)(6). A system shall provide the Division with the following information in order to support a determination under this paragraph.
1. The results of all test samples collected for each of the water quality parameters in section 22.607(C)3(a).
2. A report explaining the test methods used by the water system to evaluate the corrosion control treatments listed in Section 22.607(C)3(a), the results of all tests conducted, and the basis for the system's selection of optimal corrosion control treatment.
3. A report explaining how corrosion control has been installed and how it is being maintained to insure minimal lead and copper concentrations at consumer's taps; and
4. The results of tap water samples collected in accordance with Section 22.607G at least once every six months for one year after corrosion control has been installed.
c. Any water system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control if it submits results of tap water monitoring conducted in accordance with Section 22.607(G) and source water monitoring conducted in accordance with Section 22.607(I) that demonstrates for two consecutive six-month monitoring periods that the difference between the 90th percentile tap water lead level computed under Section 22.607(A)(1)(c), and the highest source water lead concentration, is less than the Practical Quantitation Level (PQL) for lead specified in Section 22.607(L) (2)(c).
3. Any small or medium-size water system that is required to complete the corrosion control steps due to its exceedance of the lead or copper action level may cease completing the treatment steps whenever the system meets both action levels during each of two consecutive monitoring periods conducted pursuant to Section 22.607(G) and submits the results to the Division. If any such water system thereafter exceeds the lead or copper action level during any monitoring period, the system (or the Division, as the case may be) shall recommence completion of the applicable treatment steps, beginning with the first treatment step which was not previously completed in its entirety. The Division may require a system to repeat treatment steps previously completed by the system where the Division determines that this is necessary to properly implement the treatment requirements of this section. The Division shall notify the system in writing of such a determination and explain the basis for its decision.
4. Treatment Steps and Deadlines for Large Systems:
a. Except as provided in paragraph 2(b) and 2(c) of this section, large systems shall complete the following corrosion control treatment steps (described in the referenced portions of Sections 22.607(C), (G) and (H) by the indicated dates.
Step 1: The system shall conduct two six month initial monitoring periods by January 1, 1993.
Step 2: The system shall complete corrosion control studies, Section 22.607(C)3, in 18 months, by July 1, 1994.
Step 3: The Division shall designate optimal corrosion control treatment, Section 22.607(C)4, in 6 months, by January 1, 1995.
Step 4: The system shall install optimal corrosion control treatment, Section 22.607(C)5, in 24 months, by January 1, 1997.
Step 5: The system shall complete followup sampling, Section 22.607(G)4(b) and Section 22.607 (H)3, in 12 months, by January 1, 1998
Step 6: The Division shall review installation of treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters, Section 22.607(C)6, in 6 months, by July 1, 1998.
Step 7: The system shall operate in compliance with the Division specified optimal water quality control parameters, Section 22.607(C)7, and continue to conduct tap sampling, Section 22.607(G)4 and Section 22.607(H)4.
5. Treatment Steps and Deadlines for Small and Medium-Size Systems:
a. Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this section, small and medium-size systems shall complete the following corrosion control treatment steps (described in the referenced portions of Section 22.607 (C), (G) and (H) by the indicated time periods.
Step 1: The system shall conduct initial tap sampling, Section 22.607(G)4(a) and Section 22.607 (H)2, until the system either exceeds the lead or copper action level or becomes eligible for reduced monitoring under Section 22.607(G)4(d). A system exceeding the lead or copper action level shall recommend optimal corrosion control treatment, Section 22.607 (C)1, within six months after it exceeds one of the action levels.
Step 2: Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead or copper action level, the Division may require the system to perform corrosion control studies. The Division shall specify optimal corrosion control treatment, Section 22.607(C)4, within the following time frames.
1. For medium-size systems, within 18 months after such system exceeds the lead or copper action level.
2. For small systems, within 24 months after such system exceeds the lead or copper action level.
Step 3: If the Division requires a system to perform corrosion control studies under step 2, the system shall complete the studies, Section 22.607(C)3, within 18 months after the Division requires that such studies be conducted.
Step 4: If the system has performed corrosion control studies under step 2, the Division shall designate optimal corrosion control treatment, Section 22.607(C)4, within 6 months after completion of step 3.
Step 5: The system shall install optimal corrosion control treatment, Section 22.607(C)5, within 24 months after the Division designates optimal corrosion control treatment.
Step 6: The system shall complete follow-up sampling, Section 22.607(G)4(b) and Section 22.607(H)3, within 36 months after the Division designates optimal corrosion control treatment.
Step 7: The Division shall review the systems's installation of treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters, Section 22.607(C)6, within 6 months after completion of Step 6.
Step 8: The system shall operate in compliance with the Division-designated optimal water quality control parameters, Section 22.607(C)7, and continue to conduct tap sampling, Section 22.607(G)4(c) and Section 22.607 (H)4.
C. Description of Corrosion Control Treatment Requirements: Each System shall complete the corrosion control treatment requirements described below which are applicable to such systems under Section 22.607(B).
1. System Recommendation Regarding Corrosion Control Treatment: Based upon the results of lead and copper tap monitoring and water quality parameter monitoring, small and medium-size water systems exceeding the lead or copper action level shall recommend installation of one or more of the corrosion control treatments listed in paragraph (3)(a) of this section which the system believes constitutes optimal corrosion control for that system. The Division may require the system to conduct additional water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with Section 22.607(H)(2) to assist the Division in reviewing the system's recommendation.
2. Division Decision to Require Studies of Corrosion Control Treatment (Applicable to Small and Medium Size Systems): The Division may require any small or medium-size system that exceeds the lead or copper action level to perform corrosion control studies under paragraph (3) of this section to identify optimal corrosion control treatment for the system.
3. Performance of Corrosion Control Studies:
a. Any public water system performing corrosion control studies shall evaluate the effectiveness of each of the following treatments, and, if appropriate, combinations of the following treatments to identify the optimal corrosion control treatment for that system:
1. Alkalinity and pH adjustment;
2. Calcium hardness adjustment; and
3. The addition of a phosphate or silicate based corrosion inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an effective residual concentration in all test tap samples.
b. The water system shall evaluate each of the corrosion control treatments using either pipe rig/loop tests, metal coupon tests, partial-system tests, or analyses based on documented analogous treatments with other systems of similar size, water chemistry and distribution system configuration.
c. The water system shall measure the following water quality parameters in any tests conducted under this paragraph before and after evaluating the corrosion control treatment listed above:
1. Lead;
2. Copper;
3. pH;
4. Alkalinity;
5. Calcium;
6. Conductivity;
7. Orthophosphate (when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used);
8. Silicate (when a inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used);
9. Water temperature.
d. The water system shall identify all chemical or physical constraints that limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion control treatment and document such constraints with at least one of the following:
1. Data and documentation showing that a particular corrosion control treatment has adversely affected other water treatment processes when used by another water system with comparable water quality characteristics; and/or
2. Data and documentation demonstrating that the water system has previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control treatment and has found that the treatment is ineffective or adversely affects other water quality treatment processes.
e. The water system shall evaluate the effect of the chemicals used for corrosion control treatment on other water quality treatments processes.
f. On the basis of an analysis of the data generated during each evaluation, the water system shall recommend to the Division in writing the treatment option that the corrosion control studies indicate constitutes optimal corrosion control treatment for that system. The water system shall provide a rationale for its recommendation along with all supporting documentation specified in paragraphs (3)(a) through (e) of this section.
4. Division Designation of Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment:
a. Based upon consideration of available information including, where applicable, studies performed under paragraph (3) of this section and a system's recommended treatment alternative, the Division shall either approve the corrosion control treatment option recommended by the system, or designate alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from among those listed in paragraph (3)(a) of this section. When designating optimal treatment the Division shall consider the effects that additional corrosion control treatment will have on water quality parameters and on other quality treatment processes.
b. The Division shall notify the system of its decision on optimal corrosion control treatment in writing and explain the basis for this determination within 6 months of receiving follow up samples. If the Division requests additional information to aid its review, the water system shall provide the information.
5. Installation of Optimal Corrosion Control: Each system shall properly install and operate throughout its distribution system the optimal corrosion control treatment designated by the Division under paragraph (4) of this section.
6. Division Review of Treatment and Specification of Optimal Water Quality Control Parameters: The Division shall evaluate the results of all lead and copper tap samples and water quality parameter samples submitted by the water system and determine whether the system has properly installed and operated the optimal corrosion control treatment designated by the Division in paragraph (4) of this section. Upon reviewing the results of tap water and water quality parameter monitoring by the system, both before and after the system installs optimal corrosion control treatment, the Division shall designate:
a. A minimum value or a range of values for pH measured at each entry point to the distribution system;
b. A minimum pH value measured in all tap samples. Such value shall be equal to or greater than 7.0 unless the Division determines that meeting a pH level of 7.0 is not technologically feasible or is not necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control;
c. If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for the inhibitor, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and in all tap samples, that the Division determines is necessary to form a passivating film on the interior walls of the pipes of the distribution system;
d. If alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control treatment, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for alkalinity, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and in all tap samples;
e. If calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for calcium, measured in all tap samples. The values for the applicable water quality control parameters listed above shall be those that the Division determines to reflect optimal corrosion control treatment for the system. The Division may designate values for additional water quality control parameters determined by the Division to reflect optimal corrosion control for the system. The Division shall notify the system in writing of these determinations and explain the basis for its decisions.
7. Continued Operation and Monitoring: All systems shall maintain water quality parameter values at or above minimum values or within a range designated by the Division under paragraph (6) of this section in each sample collected under Section 22.607 (H)4. If the water quality parameter value of any sample is below the minimum value or outside the range designated by the Division, then the system is out of compliance with this paragraph. As specified in Section 22.607 (H)4, the system may take a confirmation sample for any water quality parameter value not later than 3 days after the first sample. If a confirmation sample is taken, the result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average must be used for any compliance determination under this paragraph. The Division has the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
8. Modification of Division's Corrosion Control Treatment Decision: Upon its own initiative, or in response to a request by the water system or other interested party, the Division may modify treatment determination. The requests in writing must explain why the change is appropriate and provide supporting documentation. The treatment may be changed when the Division determines that it is necessary for the water system to continue optimizing corrosion control. The Division's decision must specify new treatment, explain basis for decision, and provide for implementation.
9. EPA Treatment Decisions in Lieu of the Division's Decisions: The regional administrator may issue federal determinations in lieu of the Division's determinations when:
a. The Division fails to issue a determination in a timely manner.
b. The Division abuses its discretion in a substantial number of cases or in cases affecting large populations.
c. The technical basis of the Division's decision is indefensible in federal enforcement action(s).
D. Source Water Treatment Requirements: Systems shall complete the applicable source water monitoring and treatment requirements (described in the referenced portions of paragraph (2) of this section, and in Section 22.607(G) and (I)) by the following deadlines:
1. Deadlines for Completing Source Water Treatment Steps:
Step 1: A system exceeding the lead or copper action level shall complete lead and copper source water monitoring, Section 22.607 (I)2, and make a treatment recommendation to the Division, Section 22.607(D)2(a), within 6 months after exceeding the lead or copper action level.
Step 2: The Division shall make a determination regarding source water treatment, Section 22.607(D)2(b) within 6 months after submission of monitoring results under step 1.
Step 3: If the Division requires installation of source water treatment, the system shall install the treatment, Section 22.607(D)2(c), within 24 months after completion of step 2.
Step 4: The system shall complete follow-up tap water monitoring, Section 22.607(G)4(b), and source water monitoring, Section 22.607(I)3, within 36 months after completion of step 2.
Step 5: The Division shall review the system's installation and operation of source water treatment and specify maximum permissible source water levels for lead and copper, Section 22.607(D)2(d), within 6 months after completion of step 4.
Step 6: The system shall operate in compliance with the Division-specified maximum permissible lead and copper source water levels, Section 22.607(D)2(d), and continue source water monitoring, Section 22.607(I)(4).
2. Description of Source Water Treatment Requirements:
a. System Treatment Recommendation: Any system which exceeds the lead or copper action level shall recommend in writing to the Division the installation and operation of one of the source water treatments listed in paragraph (2b) of this section. A system may recommend that no treatment be installed based upon a demonstration that source water treatment is not necessary to minimize lead and copper levels at user's taps.
b. Division Determination Regarding Source Water Treatment: The Division shall complete an evaluation of the results of all source water samples submitted by the water system to determine whether source water treatment is necessary to minimize lead or copper levels in water delivered to users' taps. If the Division determines that treatment is needed, the Division shall either require installation and operation of the source water treatment recommended by the system (if any) or require the installation and operation of another source water treatment from among the following: ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening or coagulation/filtration. If the Division request additional information to aid in its review, the water system shall provide the information by the date specified by the Division in its request. The Division shall notify the system in writing of its determination and set forth the basis for its decision.
c. Installation of Source Water Treatment: Each system shall properly install and operate the source water treatment designated by the Division under paragraph (2b) of this section.
d. Division Review of Source Water Treatment and Specification of Maximum Permissible Source Water Levels: The Division shall review the source water samples taken by the water system both before and after the system installs source water treatment, and determine whether the system has properly installed and operated the source water treatment designated by the Division. Based upon its review, the Division shall designate the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations for finished water entering the distribution system. Such levels shall reflect the contaminant removal capability of the treatment properly operated and maintained. The Division shall notify the system in writing and explain the basis for its decision.
e. Continued Operation and Maintenance: Each water system shall maintain lead and copper levels below the maximum permissible concentrations designated by the Division at each sampling point monitored in accordance with Section 22.607(I). The system is out of compliance with this paragraph if the level of lead or copper at any sampling point is greater than the maximum permissible concentration designated by the Division.
f. Modification of Division Treatment Decisions: Upon its own initiative or in response to a request by a water system or other interested party, the Division may modify its determination of the source water treatment under paragraph (2b) of this section, or maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations for finished water entering the distribution system under paragraph (2d) of this section. A request for modification by a system or other interested party shall be in writing, explain why the modification is appropriate, and provide supporting documentation. The Division may modify its determination where it concludes that such change is necessary to ensure that the system continues to minimize lead and copper concentrations in source water. A revised determination shall be made in writing and set forth the new treatment requirements, explain the basis for the Division's decision and provide an implementation schedule for completing the treatment modifications.
g. EPA Treatment Decisions in Lieu of the Division's Decisions: The regional administrator may issue federal determinations in lieu of the Division's determination when:
1. The Division fails to issue a determination in a timely manner.
2. The Division abuses its discretion in a substantial number of cases or in cases affecting large populations.
3. The technical basis of the Division's decision is indefensible in federal enforcement action(s).
E. Lead Service Line Replacement Requirements:
1. Systems that fail to meet the lead action level in tap samples taken pursuant to Section 22.607(G)4(b) after installing corrosion control and/or source water treatment (whichever sampling occurs later) shall replace lead service lines in accordance with the requirements of this section. If a system is in violation of Section 22.607(B) or (D) for failure to install source water or corrosion control treatment, the Division may require the system to commence lead service line replacement under this section after the date by which the system was required to conduct monitoring under Section 22.607 (G)4(b) has passed.
2. A system shall replace annually at least 7 percent of the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system. The initial number of lead service lines is the number of lead lines in place at the time the replacement program begins. The systems shall identify the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system based upon a materials evaluation, including the evaluation required under Section 22.607(G)1. The first year of lead service line replacement shall begin on the date the action level was exceeded in tap sampling referenced in paragraph (1) of this section.
3. A system is not required to replace an individual lead service line if the lead concentration in all service line samples from that line taken pursuant to Section 22.607(G)2(c), is less than or equal to 0.015 mg/L.
4. A water system shall replace the entire service line (up to the building inlet) unless it demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Division under paragraph (5) of this section that it control less than the entire service line. In such cases, the system shall replace the portion of the line which the Division determines is under the system's control. The system shall notify the user served by the line that the system will replace the portion of the service line under its control and shall offer to replace the building owner's portion of the line, but is not required to bear the cost of replacing the building owner's portion of the line. For buildings where only a portion of the lead service line is replaced, the water system shall inform the resident(s) that the system will collect a first flush tap water sample after partial replacement of the service line is completed if the resident(s) so desire. In cases where the resident(s) accept the offer, the system shall collect the sample and report the results to the resident(s) within 14 days following partial lead service line replacement.
5. A water system is presumed to control the entire lead service line (up to the building inlet) unless the system demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Division, in a letter submitted under Section 22.607(J)5(d), that it does not have any of the following forms of control over the entire line (as defined by Division statutes, municipal ordinances, public service contracts or other applicable legal authority); authority to set standards for construction, repair, or maintenance of the line, authority to replace, repair, or maintain the service line, or ownership of the service line. The Division shall review the information supplied by the system and determine whether the system controls less than the entire service line and, in such cases, shall determine the extent of the system's control. The Division's determination shall be in writing and explain the basis for its decision.
6. The Division shall require a system to replace lead service lines on a shorter schedule than that required by this section, taking into account the number of lead service lines in the system, where such a shorter replacement schedule is feasible. The Division shall make this determination in writing and notify the system of its finding within 6 months after the system is triggered into lead service line replacement based on monitoring referenced in paragraph (1) of this section.
7. Any system may cease replacing lead service lines whenever lead service line samples collected pursuant to paragraph (1) meet the lead action level during each of two consecutive monitoring periods and the system submits the results to the Division. If the lead service line samples in any such water system thereafter exceeds the lead action level, the system shall recommence replacing lead service lines, pursuant to paragraph (2) in this section.
8. To demonstrate compliance with paragraphs (1) through (4) of this section, a system shall report to the Division the information specified in Section 22.607(J)5.
F. Public Education and Supplemental Requirements: A water system that exceeds the lead action level based on tap water samples collected in accordance with Section 22.607(G) shall deliver the public education materials contained in paragraphs (1) and (2) of this section in accordance with the requirements in paragraph (3) of this section.
1. Content of Written Materials: A water system shall include the following text in all of the printed materials it distributes through its lead public education program. Any additional information presented by a system shall be consistant with the information below and be in plain English that can be understood by laypersons.
a. Introduction: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and (insert name of water supplier) are concerned about lead in your drinking water. Although most homes have very low levels of lead in their drinking water, some homes in the community have lead levels above the EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams of lead per liter of water (mg/L). Under Federal law we are required to have a program in place to minimize lead in your drinking water by (insert date when corrosion control will be completed for your system). This program includes corrosion control treatment, source water treatment, and public education. We are also required to replace each lead service line that we control if the line contributes lead concentrations of 15 ppb or more after we have completed the comprehensive treatment program. If you have any questions about how we are carrying out the requirements of the lead regulation please give us a call at (insert water system's phone number). This brochure explains the simple steps you can take to protect you and your family by reducing your exposure to lead in drinking water.
b. Health effects of Lead: Lead is a common metal found throughout the environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food, certain types of pottery porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body. Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that won't hurt adults can slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead contamination-like dirt and dust-that rarely affect an adult. It is important to wash children's hands and toys often, and to try to make sure they only put food in their mouths.
c. Lead in Drinking Water:
1. Lead in drinking water, although rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning,can significantly increase a person's total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water. The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20 percent or more of a person's total exposure to lead.
2. Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it seldom occurs naturally in water supplies like rivers and lakes. Lead enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to join copper pipe, brass and chrome plated brass faucets, and in some cases, pipes made of lead that connect your house to the water main (service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder containing greater than 0.2% lead, and restricted the lead content of faucets, pipes, and other plumbing materials to 8.0%.
3. When water stands in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing lead for several hours or more, the lead may dissolve into your drinking water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or later in the afternoon after returning from work or school, can contain fairly high levels of lead.
d. Steps You Can Take in the Home to Reduce Exposure to Lead in Drinking Water:
1. Despite our best efforts mentioned earlier to control water corrosivity and remove lead from the water supply, lead levels in some homes or buildings can be high. To find out whether you need to take action in your own home, have your drinking water tested to determine if it contains excessive concentrations of lead. Testing the water is essential because you cannot see, taste, or smell lead in drinking water. Some local laboratories that can provide this service are listed at the end of this booklet. For more information on having your water tested, please call (insert phone number of water system).
2. If a water test indicates that the drinking water drawn from a tap in your home contains lead above 15 ppb, then you should take following precautions:
a. Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking or cooking anytime the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than six hours. The longer water resides in your home's plumbing the more lead it may contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet until the water gets noticeably colder, usually about 15-30 seconds. If your house has a lead service line to the water main, you may have to flush the water for a longer time, perhaps one minute, before drinking. Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water through a portion of your home's plumbing system, you still need to flush the water in each faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing tap water is a simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect your family's health. It usually uses less than one or two gallons of water and costs less than (insert a cost estimate based on flushing two times a day for 30 days) per month. To conserve water, fill a couple of bottles for drinking water after flushing the tap, and whenever possible use the first flush water to wash the dishes or water the plants. If you live in a high-rise building, letting the water flow before using it may not work to lessen your risk from lead. The plumbing systems have more, and sometimes larger pipes than smaller buildings. Ask your landlord for help in locating the source of the lead and for advice on reducing the lead level.
b. Try not to cook with or drink water from the hot water tap. Hot water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need hot water, draw water from the cold tap and heat it on the stove.
c. Remove loose lead solder and debris from the plumbing materials installed in newly constructed homes, or homes in which the plumbing has recently been replaced, by removing the faucet strainers from all taps and running the water from 3 to 5 minutes. Thereafter, periodically remove the strainers and flush out any debris that has accumulated over time.
d. If your copper pipes are joined with lead solder that has been installed illegally since it was banned in 1986, notify the plumber who did the work and request that he or she replace the lead solder with lead- free solder. Lead solder looks dull gray, and when scratched with a key looks shiny. In addition, notify the Division of Public Health about the violation.
e. Determine whether or not the service line that connects your home or apartment to the water main is made of lead. The best way to determine if your service line is made of lead is by either hiring a licensed plumber to inspect the liner or by contacting the plumbing contractor who installed the line. You can identify the plumbing contractor by checking the city's record of building permits which should be maintained in the files of the (insert name of department that issues building permits). A licensed plumber can at the same time check to see if your home's plumbing contains lead solder, lead pipes, or pipe fittings that contain lead. The public water system that delivers water to your home should also maintain records of the materials located in the distribution system. If the service line that connects your dwelling to the water main contributes more than 15 ppb to drinking water, after our comprehensive treatment program is in place, we are required to replace the line. If the line is only partially controlled by the (insert name of the city, county, or water system that controls the line), we are required to provide you with information on how to replace your portion of the service line, and offer to replace that portion of the line at your expense and take a follow-up tap water sample within 14 days of the replacement. Acceptable replacement alternatives include copper, steel, iron and plastic pipes.
f. Have an electrician check your wiring. If grounding wires from the electrical system are attached to your pipes, corrosion may be greater. Check with a licensed electrician or your local electrical code to determine if your wiring can be grounded elsewhere. DO NOT attempt to change the wiring yourself because improper grounding can cause electrical shock and fire hazards.
3. The steps described above will reduce the lead concentrations in your drinking water. However, if a water test indicates that the drinking water coming from your tap contains lead concentrations in excess of 15 ppb after flushing, or after we have completed our actions to minimize lead levels, then you may want to take the following additional measures:
a. Purchase or lease a home treatment device. Home treatment devices are limited in that each unit treats only the water that flows from the faucet to which it is connected, and all of the devices require periodic maintenance and replacement. Devices such reverse osmosis systems or distillers can effectively remove lead from your drinking water. Some activated carbon filters may reduce lead levels at the tap, however all lead reduction claims should be investigated. Be sure to check the actual performance of a specific home treatment device before and after installing the unit.
b. Purchase bottled water for drinking and cooking.
4. You can consult a variety of sources for additional information. Your family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test for lead and provide you with information about the health effects of lead. The Division of Public Health and local government agencies that can be contacted include:
a. (Insert the name of city, county or department of public utilities) at (insert phone number) can provide you with information about your community's water supply, and a list of local laboratories that have been certified by EPA for testing water quality;
b. (Insert the name of city or county department that issues building permits) at (insert phone number) can provide you with information about building permit records that should contain the names of plumbing contractors that plumbed your home; and
c. The Division of Public Health at (302) 739-5410 or the (insert the name of the city or county health department) at (insert phone number) can provide you with information about the health effects of lead and how you can have your child's blood tested.
5. The following is a list of some Division approved laboratories in your area that you can call to have your water tested for lead. (Insert names and phone numbers of at least two laboratories).
2. Content of Broadcast Materials: A water system shall include the following information in all public service announcements submitted under its lead public education program to television and radio stations for broadcasting:
a. Why should everyone want to know the facts about lead and drinking water? Because an unhealthy amount of lead can enter drinking water through the plumbing in your home. That's why I urge you to do what I did. I had my water tested for (insert free or $ per sample). You can contact the (insert the name of the city or water system) for information on testing and on simple ways to reduce your exposure to lead in drinking water.
1. To have your water tested for lead, or to get more information about this public health concern, please call (insert the phone number of the city or water system).
3. Delivery of a Public Education Program:
a. In communities where a significant proportion of the population speaks a language other than English, public education materials shall be communicated in the appropriate language(s).
b. A community water system that fails to meet the lead action level on the basis of tap water samples collected in accordance with Section 22.607(G) shall, within 60 days:
1. Insert notices in each customer's water utility bill containing the information in paragraph (a) of this section, along with the following alert on the water bill itself in large print: "SOME HOMES IN THIS COMMUNITY HAVE ELEVATED LEAD LEVELS IN THEIR DRINKING WATER. LEAD CAN POSE A SIGNIFICANT RISK TO YOUR HEALTH. PLEASE READ THE ENCLOSED NOTICE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION."
2. Submit the information in paragraph (1) of this section to the editorial department of the major daily and weekly newspapers circulated throughout the community.
3. Deliver pamphlets and/or brochures that contain the public education materials in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section to facilities and organizations, including the following:
a. public schools and/or local school boards;
b. city or county health department;
c. Women,Infants and Children and/or Head Start Program(s) whenever available;
d. public and private hospitals and/or clinics;
e. pediatricians;
f. family planning clinics and;
g. local welfare agencies.
4. Submit the public service announcement in paragraph (2) of this section to at least five of the radio and television stations with the largest audiences that broadcast to the community served by the water system.
c. A community water system shall repeat the tasks contained in paragraphs 3(b),(2)and(3) of this section every 12 months, and the tasks contained in paragraphs 3(b)(4) of this section every 6 months for as long as the system exceeds the lead action level.
d. Within 60 days after it exceeds the lead action level, a non-transient non-community water system shall deliver the public education materials contained in paragraphs 1(a),(b) and (d) of this section as follows:
1. post informational posters on lead in drinking water in public places or common areas in each of the buildings served by the system; and
2. distribute informational pamphlets and/or brochures on lead in drinking water to each person served by the non-transient non-community water system.
e. A non-transient non-community water system shall repeat the tasks contained in paragraph 3(d) of this section at least once during each calendar year in which the system exceeds the lead action level,
f. A water system may discontinue delivery of public education materials if the system has met the lead action level during the most recent six-month monitoring period conducted pursuant to Section 22.607(G). Such a system shall recommence public education in accordance with this section if it subsequently exceeds the lead action level during any monitoring period.
4. Supplemental Monitoring and Notification of Results: A water system that fails to meet the lead action level on the basis of tap samples collected in accordance with Section 22.607(G) shall offer to sample the tap water of any customer who requests it. The system is not required to pay for collecting or analyzing the sample, nor is the system required to collect and analyze the sample itself.
G. Monitoring Requirements for Lead and Copper in Tap Water:
1. Sample Site Location:
a. By the applicable date for commencement of monitoring under paragraph 4(a) of this section, each water system shall complete a materials evaluation of its distribution system in order to identify a pool of targeted sampling sites that meets the requirements of this section, and which is sufficiently large enough to ensure that the water system can collect the number of lead and copper tap samples required in paragraph (3) of this section. All large systems shall have established targeted sampling sites by January 1,1992; all medium size systems by July 1, 1992; and all small systems by July 1, 1993. All sites from which first draw samples are collected shall be selected from this pool of targeted sampling sites. Sampling sites may not include faucets that have point-of-use or point-of-entry treatment devices designed to remove inorganic contaminants.
b. A water system shall use the information on lead, copper, and galvanized steel that is required to collect under Section 22.714 of these regulations (special monitoring for corrosivity characteristics) when conducting a materials evaluation. When an evaluation of the information collected pursuant to Section 22.714 is insufficient to locate the requisite number of lead and copper sampling sites that meet the targeting criteria in paragraph (1) of this section, the water system shall review the sources of information listed below in order to identify a sufficient number of sampling sites. In addition, the system shall seek to collect such information where possible in the course of its normal operations (e.g., checking service line materials when reading water meters or performing maintenance activities):
1. All plumbing codes, permits, and records in the files of the building department(s) which indicate the plumbing materials that are installed within publicly and privately owned structures connected to the distribution system;
2. All inspections and records of the distribution system that indicate the material composition of the service connections that connect a structure to the distribution system; and
3. All existing water quality information, which includes the results of all prior analyses of the system or individual structures connected to the system, indicating locations that may be particularly susceptible to high lead or copper concentrations.
c. The sampling sites selected for a community water system's sampling pool ("tier 1 sampling sites") shall consist of single family structures that:
1. Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or contain lead pipes; and/or
2. Are served by a lead service line. When multiple-family residences comprise at least 20 percent of the structures served by a water system, the system may include these types of structures in its sampling pool.
d. Any community water system with insufficient tier 1 sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with "tier 2 sampling sites", consisting of buildings, including multiple-family residences that:
1. Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or contain lead pipes; and/or
2. are served by a lead service line.
e. Any community water system with insufficient tier 1 and tier 2 sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with "tier 3 sampling sites", consisting of single family structures that contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983.
f. The sampling sites selected for a non-transient non-community water system ("tier 1 sampling sites") shall consist of buildings that:
1. contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or contain lead pipes; and/or
2. are served by a lead service line.
g. A non-transient non-community water system with insufficient tier 1 sites that meet the targeting criteria in paragraph 1(f) of this section shall complete its sampling pool with tier 2 sampling sites that contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983.
h. Any water system whose sampling pool does not consist exclusively of tier 1 sites shall demonstrate in a letter submitted to the Division under Section 22.607(J)1(b) why a review of the information listed in paragraph 1(b) of this section was inadequate to locate a sufficient number of tier 1 sites. Any community water system which includes tier 3 sampling sites in its sampling pool shall demonstrate in such a letter why it was unable to locate a sufficient number of tier 1 and tier 2 sampling sites. For large systems this shall be completed by January 1, 1992; for medium size systems by July 1, 1992; and for small systems by July 1, 1993.
i. Any water system whose distribution system contains lead service lines shall draw 50 percent of the samples it collects during each monitoring period from sites that contain lead pipes, or copper pipes with lead solder, and 50 percent of those samples from sites served by a lead service line. A water system that cannot identify a sufficient number of sampling sites served by a lead service line shall demonstrate in a letter submitted to the Division under Section 22.607(J)1(d) why the system was unable to locate a sufficient number of such sites. Such a water system shall collect lead service line samples from all of the sites identified as being served by such lines.
2. Sample Collection Methods:
a. All tap samples for lead and copper collected in accordance with this subpart, with the exception of lead service line samples collected under Section 22.607(E)3, shall be first draw samples.
b. Each first-draw tap sample for lead and copper shall be one liter in volume and have stood motionless in the plumbing system of each sampling site for at least six hours. First-draw samples from residential housing shall be collected from the cold-water kitchen tap or bathroom sink tap. First-draw samples from a non-residential building shall be collected at an interior tap from which water is typically drawn for consumption. First-draw samples may be collected by the system or the system may allow residents to collect first-draw samples after instructing the residents of the sampling procedures specified in this paragraph. If a system allows residents to perform sampling, the system may not challenge, based on alleged errors in sample collection, the accuracy of sampling results. Acidification of samples may be done up to 14 days after collection.
c. Each service line sample shall be one liter in volume and have stood motionless in the lead service line for at least six hours. Lead service line samples shall be collected in one of the following three ways:
1. At the tap after flushing the volume of water between the tap and the lead service line. The volume of water shall be calculated based on the interior diameter and length of the pipe between the tap and the lead service line;
2. Tapping directly into the lead service line; or
3. If the sampling site is a building constructed as a single-family residence, allowing the water to run until there is a significant change in temperature which would be indicative of water that has been standing in the lead service line.
d. A water system shall collect each first-draw tap sample from the same sampling site from which it collected a previous sample. If, for any reason, the water system cannot gain entry to a sampling site in order to collect a follow-up tap sample, the system may collect the follow-up tap sample from pool as long as the new site meets the same targeting criteria, and is within reasonable proximity of the original site.
3. Number of Samples: Water systems shall collect at least one sample during each monitoring period specified in paragraph (4)(a) of this section from the number of sites listed in the first column below ("standard monitoring"). A system conducting reduced monitoring under paragraph 4(d) of this section may collect one sample from the number of sites specified in the second column below during each monitoring period specified in paragraph 4(d) of this section.
System size (no.people served) |
No.of sites (standard monitoring) |
No. of sites (reduced monitoring) |
>100,000 |
100 |
50 |
10,001-100,000 |
60 |
30 |
3,301 - 10,000 |
40 |
20 |
501 - 3,300 |
20 |
10 |
101 - 500 |
10 |
5 |
<100 |
5 |
5 |
4. Timing of Monitoring:
a. Initial Tap Sampling: The first six-month monitoring period for small, medium-size and large systems shall begin on the following dates:
System Size (no. people served) |
First six-month monitoring period begins on |
>50,000 |
January 1, 1992 |
3,301 - 50,000 |
July 1, 1992 |
<3,300 |
July 1, 1993 |
1. All large systems shall monitor during two consecutive six-month periods.
2. All small and medium-size systems shall monitor during each six-month monitoring period until:
a. the system exceeds the lead or copper action level and is therefore required to implement the corrosion control treatment requirements under Section 22.607(B) in which case the system shall continue monitoring in accordance with paragraph 4(b) of this section, or
b. the system meets the lead or copper action levels during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods, in which case the system may reduce monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1(d) of this section.
b. Monitoring after Installation of Corrosion Control and Source Water Treatment:
1. Any large system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to Section 22.607(B)(4) Step 4 shall monitor during two consecutive six-month periods by the date specified in Section 22.607(B)(4) Step 5.
2. Any small or medium-size system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to Section 22.607(B)(5) Step 5 shall monitor during two consecutive six-month periods by the date specified in Section 22.607(B)(5) Step 6.
3. Any system which installs source water treatment pursuant to Section 22.607(D)1 Step 3 shall monitor during two consecutive six-month periods by the date specified in Section 22.607(D)1 Step 4.
c. Monitoring after Division specifies Water Quality Parameter Values for Optimal Corrosion Control: After the Division specifies the values for water quality control parameters under Section 22.607(C)6, the system shall monitor during each subsequent six-month monitoring period, with the first monitoring period to begin on the date the Division specifies the optimal values under Section 22.607(C)6.
d. Reduced Monitoring:
1. A small or medium-size water system that meets the lead and copper action levels during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods may reduce the number of samples in accordance with paragraph (3) of this section, and reduce the frequency of sampling to once per year. Division approval is not required.
2. Any water system that maintains the range of values for the water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the Division under Section 22.607(C)6 during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods may request that the Division allow the system to reduce the frequency of monitoring to once per year and to reduce the number of lead and copper samples in accordance with paragraph (3) of this section. The Division shall review the information submitted by the water system and shall make its decision in writing, setting forth the basis for its determination when the system submits new monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the number and frequency of tap sampling becomes available.
3. A small or medium-size water system that meets the lead and copper action levels during three consecutive years of monitoring may reduce the frequency of monitoring for lead and copper from annually to once every three years. Any water system that maintains the range of values for the water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the Division under Section 22.607(C)6 during three consecutive years of monitoring may request that the Division allow the system to reduce the frequency of monitoring from annually to once every three years. The Division shall review the information submitted by the water system and shall make its decision in writing, setting forth the basis for its determination. The Division shall review, and where appropriate, revise its determination when the system submits new monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the number and frequency of tap sampling becomes available.
4. A water system that reduces the number and frequency of sampling shall collect these samples from sites included in the pool of targeted sampling sites identified in paragraph (1) of this section. Systems sampling annually or less frequently shall conduct the lead and copper tap sampling during the months of June, July, August or September.
5. A small or medium-size water system subject to reduced monitoring that exceeds the lead or copper action levels shall resume sampling in accordance with paragraph 4(c) of this section and collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph (3) of this section. Any water system subject to reduced monitoring frequency that fails to operate within the range of values for the water quality control parameters specified by the Division under Section 22.607(C)6 shall resume tap water sampling in accordance with paragraph 4(c) of this section and collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph (3) of this section.
5. Additional Monitoring by Systems: The results of any monitoring conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall be considered by the system and the Division in making any determinations (i.e., calculating the 90th percentile lead or copper level) under this section.
H. Monitoring Requirements for Water Quality Parameters: All large water systems and all small and medium-size systems that exceed the lead or copper action level shall monitor water quality parameters in addition to lead and copper in accordance with this section. The requirements of this section are summarized in the table at the end of this section.
1. General Requirements:
a. Sample Collection Methods:
1. Tap samples shall be representative of water quality throughout the distribution system taking into account the number of persons served, the different sources of water, the different treatment methods employed by the system, and seasonal variability. Tap sampling under this section is not required to be conducted at taps targeted for lead and copper sampling under Section 22.607(G)1. (NOTE: Systems may find it convenient to conduct tap sampling for water quality parameters at sites used for coliform sampling under Section 22.5.
2. Samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution system shall be from locations representative of each source after treatment. If a system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used).
b. Number of Samples:
1. Systems shall collect two tap samples for applicable water quality parameters during each monitoring period specified under paragraphs (2) and (5) of this section from the following number of sites:
System Size (no. people served) |
No. of sites for water quality parameters |
>100,000 |
25 |
10,001-100,000 |
10 |
3,301 - 10,000 |
3 |
501 to 3,300 |
2 |
101 to 500 |
1 |
<100 |
1 |
2. Systems shall collect two samples for each applicable water quality parameter at each entry point to the distribution system during each monitoring period specified in paragraph (2) of this section. During each monitoring period specified in paragraphs (3) through (5) of this section, systems shall collect one sample for each applicable water quality parameter at each entry point to the distribution system.
2. Initial Sampling: All large water systems shall measure the applicable water quality parameters as specified below at taps and at each entry point to the distribution system during each six-month monitoring period specified in Section 22.607(G)4(a). All small and medium-size systems shall measure the applicable water quality parameters at the locations specified below during each six-month monitoring period specified in Section 22.607(G)4(a) during which the system exceeds the lead or copper action levels.
a. At taps:
1. pH;
2. Alkalinity;
3. Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used;
4. Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used;
5. Calcium;
6. Conductivity; and
7. Water Temperature.
b. At each entry point to the distribution system, all of the applicable parameters listed in paragraph (H) 2 (a).
3. Monitoring after Installation of Corrosion Control: Any large system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to Section 22.607(B)(4) Step 4 shall measure the water quality parameters at the locations and frequencies specified below during each six-month monitoring period specified in Section 22.607(G)4(b)(1). Any small or medium-size system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment shall conduct such monitoring during each six-month monitoring period specified in Section 22.607(G)4(b)(2) in which the system exceeds the lead or copper action level.
a. At taps two samples for:
1. pH;
2. Alkalinity;
3. Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used;
4. Silica, when an inhibitor;
5. Calcium, when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control.
b. At each entry point to the distribution system, one sample every two weeks (bi-weekly) for:
1. pH;
2. When alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control, a reading of the dosage rate of the chemical used to adjust alkalinity, and the alkalinity concentration; and
3. When a corrosion inhibitor is used as part of optimal corrosion control, a reading of the dosage rate of the inhibitor used, and the concentration of orthophosphate or silica (whichever is applicable).
4. Monitoring after Division Specifies Water Quality Parameter Values for Optimal Corrosion Control: After the Division specifies the values for applicable water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment under Section 22.607(C)6, all large systems shall measure the applicable water quality parameters in accordance with paragraph (3) of this section during each monitoring period specified in Section 22.607(G)4(c). Any small or medium-size system shall conduct such monitoring during each monitoring period specified in Section 22.607(G)4(c) in which the system exceeds the lead or copper action level. The system may take a confirmation sample for any water quality parameter value no later than 3 days after the first sample. If a confirmation sample is taken, the result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average must be used for any compliance determination under Section 22.607(C)7. The Division has discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
5. Reduced Monitoring:
a. Any water system that maintains the range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods under paragraph (4) of this section shall continue monitoring at the entry point(s) to the distribution system as specified in paragraph 3(b) of this section. Such system may collect two tap samples for applicable water quality parameters from the following reduced number of sites during each six-month monitoring period.
b. Any water system that maintains the range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the Division under Section 22.607(C)6 during three consecutive years of monitoring may reduce the frequency with which it collects the number of tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified in the paragraph 5(a) of this section from every six months to annually.
System Size (no. people served) |
Reduced No. of sites for water quality parameters |
>100,000 |
10 |
10,001 to 100,000 |
7 |
3,301 to 10,000 |
3 |
501 to 3,300 |
2 |
101 to 500 |
1 |
<100 |
1 |
c. A water system that conducts sampling annually shall collect these samples evenly throughout the year so as to reflect seasonal variability.
d. Any water system subject to reduced monitoring frequency that fails to operate within the range of values for the water quality parameters specified by the Division under Section 22.607(C)(6) shall resume tap water sampling in accordance with the number and frequency requirements in paragraph (3) of this section.
6. Additional Monitoring by Systems: The results of any monitoring conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall be considered by the system and the Division in making any determinations(i.e., determining concentrations of water quality parameters) under this section or Section 22.607(C).
SUMMARY OF MONITORING REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Monitoring |
Parameters |
location |
frequency |
Initial Monitoring |
pH, alkalinity, orthophosphate or silica, calcium conductivity temperature |
Taps and at entry to the distribution system |
Every 6 months |
After installation of Corrosion Control |
pH, alkalinity, orthophosphate or silica, calcium |
Taps |
Every 6 months |
After Division Specifies Parameter Values for Optimal Corrosion Control |
pH, alkalinity, dosage rate and concentration (if alkalinity adjusted as part of corrosion control) inhibitor dosage rate and inhibitor residual |
Entry point(s)to the distribution system |
Bi-weekly |
Reduced Monitoring |
pH, alkalinity, orthophosphate or silica, calcium |
Taps |
Every 6 months at a reduced number of sites |
pH, alkalinity dosage rate and concentration (if alkalinity adjusted as part of corrosion control), inhibitor dosage rate and inhibitor residual |
Entry point(s) to the distribution system |
Bi-weekly |
1. Table is for illustrated purposes; consult the text of this section for precise regulatory requirements.
2. Small and medium-size systems have to monitor for water quality parameters only during monitoring periods in which the systems exceeds the lead or copper level.
3. Orthophosphate must be measured only when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used. Silica must be measured only when an inhibitor containing silicate compound is used.
4. Calcium must be measured only when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control.
5. Inhibitor dosage rates and inhibitor residual concentrations (orthophosphate or silica) must be measured only when an inhibitor is used.
I. Monitoring Requirements for Lead and Copper in Source Water:
1. Sample Location Collection Methods, and Number of samples:
a. A water system that fails to meet the lead or copper action level on the basis of tap samples collected in accordance with Section 22.607(G) shall collect lead and copper source water samples in accordance with the requirements regarding sample location, number of samples, and collection methods specified in Section 22.602(A)(1) - (4) (inorganic chemical sampling). (NOTE: The timing of sampling for lead and copper shall be in accordance with paragraphs(2) and (3) of this section, and not dates specified in Section 22.602(A)(1) and (2).
b. Where the results of sampling indicate an exceedance of maximum permissible source water levels established under Section 22.607(D)2(d), the Division may require that one additional sample be collected as soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed two weeks) at the same sampling point. If a Division-required confirmation sample is taken for lead or copper, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample shall be averaged in determining compliance with the Division-specified maximum permissible levels. Any sample value below the detection limit shall be considered to be zero. Any value above the detection limit but below the PQL shall either be considered as the measure value or be considered one-half the PQL.
2. Monitoring Frequency after System Exceeds Tap Water Action Level: Any system which exceeds the lead or copper action level at the tap shall collect one source water sample from each entry point to the distribution system within six months after the exceedance.
3. Monitoring Frequency after Installation of Source Water Treatment: Any system which installs source water treatment pursuant to Section 22.607(D)(1) Step 2 shall collect an additional source water sample from each entry point to the distribution system during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the deadline specified in Section 22.607(D)(1) Step 4.
4. Monitoring Frequency after Division Specifies Maximum Permissible Source Water Levels or Determines that Source Water Treatment is not Needed:
a. A system shall monitor at the frequency specified below in cases where the Division specifies maximum permissible source water levels under Section 22.607(D)2(d) or determines that the system is not required to install source water treatment under Section 22.607(D)2(d).
1. A water system using only groundwater shall collect samples once during the three-year compliance period (as that term is defined in Section 22.1) in effect when the applicable Division determination under paragraph 4(a) of this section is made. Such systems shall collect samples once during each subsequent compliance period.
2. A water system using surface water (or a combination of surface and groundwater) shall collect samples once during each year, the first annual monitoring period to begin on the date on which the applicable Division determination is made under paragraph 4(a) of this section.
b. A system is not required to conduct source water sampling for lead and/or copper if the system meets the action level for the specific contaminant in tap water samples during the entire source water sampling period applicable to the system under paragraph 4(a)(1) or (2) of this section.
5. Reduced Monitoring Frequency:
a. A water system using only groundwater which demonstrates that finished drinking water entering the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum permissible lead and/or copper concentrations specified by the Division in Section 22.607(D)(1) Step 2 during at least three consecutive compliance periods under paragraph 4(a) of this section may reduce the monitoring frequency for lead and/or copper to once during each nine-year compliance cycle (as that term is defined in Section 22.1). Division approval is not required.
b. A water system using surface water (or a combination of surface and ground waters) which demonstrates that finished drinking water entering the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the Division in Section 22.607(D)2(d) for at least three consecutive years may reduce the monitoring frequency in paragraph 4(a) of this section to once during each nine-year compliance cycle (as that term is defined in Section 22.1). Division approval is not required.
c. A water system that uses a new source of water is not eligible for reduced monitoring for lead and/or copper until concentrations in samples collected from the new source during three consecutive monitoring periods are below the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the Division in Section 22.607(D)1 Step 5.
J. Reporting Requirements: All water systems shall report all of the following information to the Division in accordance with this section.
1. Reporting Requirements for Tap Water Monitoring for Lead and Copper and for Water Quality Parameter Monitoring:
a. A water system shall report the information specified below for all tap water samples within the first 10 days following the end of each applicable monitoring period specified in Section 22.607 (G),(H) and (I) (i.e., every six-months, annually, or every 3 years).
1. the results of all tap samples for lead and copper including the location of each site and the criteria under Section 22.206(G)1(c),(d),(e),(f), or (g) under which the site was selected for the system's sampling pool;
2. a certification that each first draw sample collected by the water system is one-liter in volume and, to the best of their knowledge, has stood motionless in the service line, or in the interior plumbing of a sampling site, for at least six hours;
3. where residents collected samples, a certification that each tap sample collected by the residents was taken after the water system informed them of proper sampling procedures specified in 22.607(G)2(b).
4. the 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations measured from among all lead and copper tap water samples collected during each monitoring period (calculated in accordance with 22.607(A)1(c);
5. with the exception of initial tap sampling conducted pursuant to Section 22.607(G)4(a) the system shall designate any site which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation of why 2 sampling sites have changed;
6. the results of all tap samples for pH, and where applicable, alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, temperature, and orthophosphate or silica collected under Section 22.607(H)2-5.
7. the results of all samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution system for applicable water quality parameters under Section 22.607(H)2-5.
b. By the applicable date in Section 22.607(G)4(a) for commencement of monitoring, each community water system which does not complete its targeted sampling pool with tier 1 sampling sites meeting the criteria in Section 22.607(G)1(c) shall send a letter to the Division justifying its selection of tier 2 and/or tier 3 sampling sites under Section 22.607(G)1(d) and/or 1(e).
c. By the applicable date in Section 22.607(G)4(a) for commencement of monitoring, each non-transient, non-community water system which does not complete its sampling pool with tier 1 sampling sites meeting the criteria in Section 22.607(G)1(f) shall send a letter to the Division justifying its selection of sampling sites under Section 22.607(G)1(g).
d. By the applicable date in Section 22.607(G)4(a) for commencement of monitoring, each water system with lead service lines that is not able to locate the number of sites served by such lines required under Section 22.607(G)1(i) shall send a letter to the Division demonstrating why it was unable to locate a sufficient number of such sites based upon the information listed in Section 22.607(G)1(b).
e. Each water system that requests that the Division reduce the number and frequency of sampling shall provide the information required under Section 22.607(G)4(d).
2. Source Water Monitoring Reporting Requirements:
a. A water system shall report the sampling results for all source water samples collected in accordance with Section 22.607(I) within the first 10 days following the end of each source water monitoring periods (i.e., annually, per compliance period, per compliance cycle) specified in Section 22.607(I).
b. With the exception of the first round of source water sampling conducted pursuant to Section 22.607(I)2, the system shall specify any site which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation of why the sampling point has changed.
3. Corrosion Control Treatment Reporting Requirements: By the applicable dates under Section 22.607(B), systems shall report the following information:
a. for systems demonstrating that they have already optimized corrosion control, information required in Section 22.607(C)3(b) or (c).
b. for systems required to optimize corrosion control, their recommendation regarding optimal corrosion control treatment under Section 22.607(C)1.
c. for systems required to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion control treatments under Section 22.607(C)3, the information required by that paragraph.
d. for systems required to install optimal corrosion control designated by the Division under Section 22.607(C)4, a letter certifying that the system has completed installing that treatment.
4. Source Water Treatment Reporting Requirements: By the applicable dates in Section 22.607(D), systems shall provide the following information to the Division:
a. if required under Section 22.607(D)2(a) their recommendation regarding source water treatment;
b. for systems required to install source water treatment under Section 22.607(D)2(b), a letter certifying that the system has completed installing the treatment designated by the Division within 24 months after the Division designated the treatment.
5. Lead Service Line Replacement Reporting Requirements: Systems shall report the following information to the Division to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of Section 22.607(E):
a. Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in Section 22.607(E)1, the system shall demonstrate in writing to the Division that it has conducted a material evaluation, including the evaluation in Section 22.607(G)1, to identify the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system, and shall provide the Division with the system's schedule for replacing annually at least 7 percent of the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system.
b. Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in Section 22.607(E)1, and every 12 months thereafter, the system shall demonstrate to the Division in writing that the system has either:
1. replaced in the previous 12 months at least 7 percent of the initial lead service lines (or a greater number of lines specified by the Division under Section 22.607(E)6 in its distribution system; or
2. conducted sampling which demonstrates that the lead concentration in all service lines samples from an individual line(s), taken pursuant to Section 22.607(G)2(c), is less than or equal to 0.015 mg/L. In such cases, the total number of lines replaced and/or which meet the criteria in Section 22.607 (E)2 shall equal at least 7 percent of the initial number of lead lines identified under paragraph (a) of this section (or the percentage specified by the Division under Section 22.607(E)6.
c. The annual letter submitted to the Division under paragraph 5(b) of this section shall contain the following information:
1. the number of lead service lines scheduled to be replaced during the previous year of the system's replacement schedule;
2. the number and location of each lead service line replaced during the previous year of the system's replacement schedule;
3. if measured, the water lead concentration and location of each lead service line sampled, the sampling method, and the date of sampling.
d. As soon as practicable, but in no case later than three months after a system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in Section 22.607(E)1, any system seeking to rebut the presumption that it has control over the entire lead service line pursuant to Section 22.607(E)4 shall submit a letter to the Division describing the legal authority (e.g., Division statutes, municipal ordinances, public service contracts or other applicable legal authority) which limits the system's control over the service lines and the extent of the system's control.
6. Public Education Program Reporting Requirements: By December 31st of each year, any water system that is subject to the public education requirements in Section 22.607(F) shall submit a letter to the Division demonstrating that the system has delivered the public education materials that meet the content requirements in Section 22.607(F)1 and 2 and the delivery requirements in Section 22.607(F)3. This information shall include a list of all the newspapers, radio stations, television stations, facilities and organizations to which the system delivered public education materials during the previous year. The water system shall submit the letter required by this paragraph annually for as long as it exceeds the lead action level.
7. Reporting of Additional Monitoring Data: Any system which collects sampling data in addition to that required by this section shall report the results to the Division by the end of the applicable monitoring period under Sections 22.607(G), (H) and (I) during which the samples are collected.
K. Recordkeeping Requirements: Any system subject to the requirements of this subpart shall retain on its premises original records of all sampling data and analyses, reports, surveys, letters, evaluations, schedules, Division determinations, and any other information required by Section 22.607(B) through Section 22.607(I). Each water system shall retain the records required by this section for no fewer than 12 years.
L. Analytical Methodology:
1. Analysis for lead, copper, pH conductivity, calcium, alkalinity, or the phosphate, silica and temperature shall be conducted using the following methods:
a. Lead: Atomic absorption Furnace Technique using Method 239.2, Method D3559-85D or Method 3113; Inductively Coupled Plasma; Mass Spectrometry using Methods 200.8; or Atomic Absorption, Platform Furnace Technique using Method 200.9 .
b. Copper: Atomic Absorption, Furnace Technique using Method 220.2, Method D1688-90C or Method 3113; Atomic Absorption, Direct Aspiration using Method 220.1, Method D1688-90A or Method 3111-B; Inductively Coupled Plasma using Method 200.7 , or Method 3120; Inductively Coupled Plasma, Mass Spectrometry using Method 200.8 ; or Atomic Absorption, Platform Furnace using Method 200.9
c. pH: Electrometric using Method 150.1, Method 150.2, Method D1293-84B or Method 4500-H.
d. Conductivity: Conductance using Method 120.1, Method D1125-82B or Method 2510.
e. Calcium: EDTA Titrametric using Method 215.2, Method D511-88A or Method 3500-Ca-D; Atomic Absorption, Direct Aspiration using Method 215.1, Method D511-88B or Method 3111-B; or Inductively Coupled Plasma using Method 200.7 or Method 3120.
f. Alkalinity: Titrametric using Method 310.1, Method D1067-88B or Method 2320; or Electrometric Titration using Method I-1030-85.
g. Orthophosphate (Unfiltered No digestion or Hydrolysis): Colorimetric, Automated, Ascorbic Acid using Method 365.1, or Method 4500-P-F; Colorimetric, Ascorbic Acid Two Reagent using Method 365.3, or Method 4500-P-F; Colorimetric, Ascorbic Acid, Single Reagent using Method 365.2, Method D515-88A; Colorimetric Phosphomolybdate using Method I-1601-85; Colorimetric, Automated Segmented Flow using Method I-2601-85; or Colorimetric, Automated Discrete using Method I2598-85; Ion Chromatography using Method 300.0, Method D4327-88 or Method 4110.
h. Silica: Colorimetric, Molybdate Blue using Method I-1700-85; Colorimetric, Automated Segmented Flow using Method I-2700-85; Colorimetric using Method 370.1, or Method D859-88; Molybdosilicate using Method 4500-Si-D; Heterpoly Blue using Method 4500-Si-E, Automated Method for Molybdate-Reactive Silica using Method 4500-Si-F; or Inductively Coupled Plasma using Method 200.7 , or Method 3120.
i. Temperature: Thermometric using Method 2550.
1. The procedures 239.2, 220.2, 220.1, 150.1, 150.2, 120.1, 215.1, 215.2, 310.1, 365.1, 365.3, 365.2, and 370.1 are incorporated by reference and shall be done in accordance with "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH (EPA-600/4-79-020). Revised March 1983, pp. 239.2-1 through 239.2-2 and metals-1 through metals-19, 220.2-1 through 220.2-2 and metals-1 through metals-19, 220.1-1 through 220.1-2 and metals-1 through metals-19, 150.1-1 through 150.1-3, 150.2-1 through 1502.-3, 120.1-1 through 120.1-3, 215.2-1 through 215.2-3, 215.1-1 through 215.1-2, 310.1-1 through 310.1-3, 365.1-1 through 365.1-9, 365.3-1 through 365.3-4, 365.1-1 through 365.2-6 and 370.1-1 through 370.1-5, respectively. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from ORD Publications, CERI, EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268. Copies may be inspected at the United State Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, SW., Room EB-15, Washing, D.C. 29460 or at the Office of the Federal Register, 1100 L. Street, NW., Room 8401, Washington, D.C.
2. The procedures D3559-85D, D1688-90C, D1688-90A, D1293-64B, D1125-82B, D511-88, D1067-88B, D515-88A, D4327-88A, and D859-88 are incorporated by reference and shall be done in accordance with Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1990. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 551(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Copies may be inspected at the United State Environmental Protection AGency, 401 L. Street, SW., Room EB-15, Washington, D.C. 20460 or at the Office of the Federal Register, 1100 L. Street, NW, Room 8401, Washington, D.C.
3. The procedures 3113, 3111-B, 3120, 4500-11, 2510, 3500-Ca-D, 3120, 2320, 4500-P-F, 4500-P-E, 4110, 4500-Si-D, 4500-Si-E, 4500-Si-F, and 2550 are incorporated by reference and shall be done in accordance with "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 17th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, 1989, pp. 3-43, 3-20 through 3023, 3-53 through 3-63, 4-94 through 4-102, 2-57 through 2-61, 3-85 through 3-87, 2-35 through 2-90, 4-178 through 4-181, 4-117 through 4-178, 4-2 through 4-6, 4-184 through 4-187, 4-188 through 4-189, 4-189 through 4-191, and 2-60 through 2-81, respectively. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American Water Works Association, Customer Service, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235, Phone (303) 794-7711. Copies may be inspected at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, SW, Room EB-15, Washington, D.C., 20460 or at the Office of the Federal Register, 1100 L. Street, NW, Room 8401, Washington, D.C.
4. The procedures 1-2001-85, 1-1030-05. 1-1601-85, 12588-85, 1-1700-85, and 1-2700-85 are incorporated by reference and shall be done in accordance with "Methods for Determination of Inorganic Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments," 3rd edition, U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989, pp. 55-56, 381-382, 383-385, 387-388, 415-416, and 417-419, respectively. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be purchased from the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 68225. Copies may be inspected at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, SW, Room EB-15, Washing, D.C. 20460 or the Office of the Federal Register, 1100 L. Street, NW, Room 8401, Washington, D.C.
5. "Determination of Metals and Trace Elements in Water and Wastes by Inductively-Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry," Revision 3.2, August 1990, U.S. EPA, EMSL. This document is available from U.S. EPA, EMSL, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
6. "Determination of Trace Elements in Water and Wastes by Inductively-Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry," Method 200.8, August 1990, Revision 4.3, U.S. EPA EMSL. This document is available from U.S. EPA, EMSL, Cincinnati, OH, 45268.
7. "Determination of Trace Elements by Stabilized Temperature Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption, Spectrometry, " Method 200.9, August 1990, U.S. EPA EMSL. This documents is available from U.S. EPA, EMSL, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
8. "Determination of Inorganic Ions in Water by Ion Chomoatography," Method 300.0, December 1989, U.S. EPA, EMSL. This document is available from U.S. EPA, EMSL, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
9. For analyzing lead and copper, the technique applicable to total metals must be used and samples cannot be filtered. Samples containing less than 1 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit) and that are properly preserved (conc. HNO3 to pH <2) may be analyzed directly (without digestion) for total metals; otherwise, digestion is required. Turbidity must be measured on the preserved samples just prior to when metal analysis is initiated. When digestion is required, the 'total recoverable' technique as defined in the method must be used.
2. Analyses under this section shall only be conducted by laboratories that have been approved by the EPA or the Division. To obtain certification to conduct analyses for lead and copper, laboratories must:
a. Analyze performance evaluation samples which include lead and copper provided by EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory or equivalent samples provided by the Division; and
b. Achieve quantitative acceptance limits as follows:
1. Lead: +30 percent of the actual amount in the Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or equal to 0.005 mg/L; and
2. Copper: +10 percent of the actual amount in the Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or equal to 0.050 mg/L;
c. Achieve method detection limits according to the procedures listed in Section 22.607(L)(1) are as follows:
1. Lead: 0.001 mg/L (only if source water compositing is done under Section 22.602(A)4(a)); and
2. Copper: 0.001 mg/L or 0.020 mg/L when atomic absorption direct aspiration is used (only if source water compositing is done under Section 22.602(A)4(a)).
d. Be currently certified by EPA or the Division to perform analyses to the specifications described in paragraph (L)2 of this section.
3. The Division has the authority to allow the use of previously collected monitoring data for purposes of monitoring, if the data were collected and analyzed in accordance with the requirements of this Section.
4. All water systems must report lead measurements between the PQL and the MDL as measured or as one-half the PQL (0.0075 mg/l). All levels below the lead MDL must be reported as zero.
5. All water systems must report copper measurements between the PQL and the MDL as measured or as one-half the PQL (0.025 mg/l). All levels below the copper MDL must be reported as zero.
22.61 Organic Chemical Requirements:
22.611 PMCL's: The following are the organic PMCLs (mg/L-milligrams per liter). Compliance is determined pursuant to Sections 22.612, 22.613, and 22.614.
A. The following maximum contaminant levels for synthetic organic contaminants apply to community water systems and not-transient, non-community water systems:
Pesticides and PCBs
Contaminant MCL
Alachlor |
0.002 mg/L |
Aldicarb |
0.003 mg/L |
Aldicarb Sulfone |
0.002 mg/L |
Aldicarb Sulfoxide |
0.004 mg/L |
Atrazine |
0.003 mg/L |
Benzo(a)pyrene |
0.0002 mg/L |
Carbofuran |
0.04 mg/L |
Chlordane |
0.002 mg/L |
Dalapon |
0.2 mg/L |
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate |
0.4 mg/L |
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
0.006 mg/L |
Dibromochloropropane |
0.0002 mg/L |
Dinoseb |
0.007 mg/L |
Diquat |
0.02 mg/L |
2,4-D |
0.07 mg/L |
Endothall |
0.1 mg/L |
Endrin |
0.002 mg/L |
Ethylenedibromide (EDB) |
0.00005 mg/L |
Glyphosate |
0.7 mg/L |
Heptachlor |
0.0004 mg/L |
Hepachlor epoxide |
0.0002 mg/L |
Hexachlorobenzene |
0.001 mg/L |
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene |
0.05 mg/L |
Lindane |
0.0002 mg/L |
Methoxychlor |
0.04 mg/L |
Oxamyl (Vydate) |
0.2 mg/L |
Pentachlorophenol |
0.001 mg/L |
Picloram |
0.5 mg/L |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) |
0.0005 mg/L |
Simazine |
0.004 mg/L |
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) |
3 X 10-8 mg/L |
Toxaphene |
0.003 mg/L |
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) |
0.05 mg/L |
B. Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs)
Contaminant MCL
TTHMs |
0.10 mg/L |
C. Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
Contaminant MCL
Benzene |
0.005 mg/L |
Carbon Tetrachloride |
0.005 mg/L |
0-Dichlorobenzene |
0.6 mg/L |
P-Dichlorobenzene |
0.075 mg/L |
1,2 Dichloroethane |
0.005 mg/L |
1,1 Dichloroethylene |
0.007 mg/L |
Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene |
0.07 mg/L |
Trans 1,2 Dichloroethylene |
0.1 mg/L |
Dichloromethane |
0.005 mg/L |
1,2 Dichloropropane |
0.005 mg/L |
Ethylbenzene |
0.7 mg/L |
Monochlorobenzene |
0.1 mg/L |
Styrene |
0.1 mg/L |
Tetrachloroethylene |
0.005 mg/L |
Toluene |
1 mg/L |
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene |
0.07 mg/L |
1,1,1-Trichloroethane |
0.2 mg/L |
1,1,2-Trichloroethane |
0.005 mg/L |
Trichloroethylene |
0.005 mg/L |
Vinyl Chloride |
0.002 mg/L |
Xylenes (total) |
10 mg/L |
22.612 Sampling, Analytical Requirements and Compliance Determination For Contaminants Listed in 22.611A: Monitoring of the contaminants listed in Section 22.611A for the purposes of determining compliance with the MCLs shall be conducted as follows:
A. Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
B. Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at points in the distribution system that are representative of each source or at each entry point to the distribution system after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant. ( NOTE: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include systems with a combination of surface and ground sources).
C. If the system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating condition (i.e., when water representative of all sources is being used).
D. Monitoring frequency:
1. Each community and non-transient non-community water system shall take four consecutive quarterly samples for each contaminant listed in Section 22.611A during each compliance period beginning with the compliance period starting January 1, 1993.
2. Systems serving more than 3,300 persons which do not detect a contaminant in the initial compliance period may reduce the sampling frequency to a minimum of two quarterly samples in one year during each repeat compliance period.
3. Systems serving less than or equal to 3,300 persons which do not detect a contaminant in the initial compliance period may reduce the sampling frequency to a minimum of one sample during each repeat compliance period.
E. Each community and non-transient water system which does not detect a contaminant listed in Section 22.611A may apply to the Division for a waiver from the requirement of paragraph (D)(1) of this section upon completion of the initial monitoring. A system must reapply for a waiver at the end of each compliance period.
F. The Division may grant a waiver after evaluating the following factors: Knowledge of previous use (including transport, storage, or disposal) of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence of the system. If a determination by the Division reveals no previous use of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence, a waiver may be granted. If previous use of the contaminant is unknown, or it has been used previously, then the following factors shall be used to determine whether a waiver is granted:
1. Previous analytical results.
2. The proximity of the system to a potential point or non-point source of contamination. Point sources include spills and leaks of chemicals at or near a water treatment facilities or at manufacturing, distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and municipal waste landfills and other waste handling or treatment facilities. Non-point sources include the use of pesticides to control insect and weed pests on agricultural areas, forest lands, home and gardens, and other land application uses.
3. The environmental persistence and transport of the pesticide or PCBs.
4. How well the water source is protected against contamination due to such factors as depth of the well, the type of soil and the integrity of the well casing.
5. Elevated nitrate levels at the water supply source.
6. Use of PCBs in equipment used in the production, storage or distribution of water (i.e., PCBs used in pumps, transformers, etc).
G. If an organic contaminant listed in Section 22.611 (A) is detected in any sample then:
1. Each system must monitor quarterly at each sampling point which resulted in a detection.
2. The Division may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement specified in paragraph (1) of this section provided it has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case shall the Division make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface water system take a minimum of four quarterly samples.
3. After the Division determines the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level the Division may allow the system to monitor annually. Systems which monitor annually must monitor during the quarter that previously yielded the highest analytical result.
4. Systems which have 3 consecutive annual samples with no detection of a contaminant may apply to the Division for a waiver as specified in paragraph (F) of this section.
5. If monitoring results in detection of one or more of certain related contaminants (aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide and heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide), then subsequent monitoring shall analyze for all related contaminants.
H. Systems which violate the MCL listed in Section 22.611A must monitor quarterly. After a minimum of four quarterly samples show the system is in compliance and the Division determines the system to be reliably and consistently below the MCL as specified in paragraph K, the system shall monitor at the frequency specified in paragraph (G)3 of this section.
I. The Division may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results. If a confirmation sample is required by the Division, the result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average used for the compliance determination as specified in paragraph K. The Division has the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
J. The Division may reduce the total number of samples a system must analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed. Detection Limit must be less than one-fifth of the MCL. Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory and analyzed within 14 days of sample collections.
1. If the concentration in the composite sample detects one or more contaminants listed in Section 22.611A, then a follow-up sample must be taken and analyzed within 14 days from each sampling point included in the composite.
2. If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling point used in the composite are available, the system may use these duplicates instead of resampling. The duplicate must be analyzed and the results reported to the Division within 14 days of collection.
3. If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then compositing may only be permitted by the Division at sampling points within a single system. In systems serving <3,300 persons, the Division may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample limit is maintained.
K. Compliance with Section 22.611 shall be determined based on the analytical results obtained at each sampling point.
1. For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency greater than annually, compliance is determined by a running annual average of all samples taken at each sampling point. If the annual average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any samples below the detection limit shall be calculated as zero for purposes of determining the annual average.
2. If monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is required by the Division, the determination of compliance will be based on the average of two samples.
3. If a public water system has a distribution system separable from other parts of the distribution system with no interconnections, the Division may allow the system to give public notice to only that portion of the system which is out of compliance.
L. Analysis for the contaminants listed in Section 22.611A shall be conducted using the following EPA methods or their equivalent as approved by EPA. These methods are contained in "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water," ORD Publications, CEKI, EPA/600/4-80/039, December 1988. These documents are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 1-800-226-4700.
1. Method 504: "1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB) and 2,2-Dibromo-3chloropropane (DBCP) in Water by Microextraction and Gas Chromatography." Method 504 can be used to measure dibromochloropropane (DBCP) and ethylene dibromide (EDB).
2. Method 505: "Analysis of Organohalide Pesticides and Commercial Polychlorinated Biphenyl Products (Aroclors) in Water by Microextraction and Gas Chromatography." Method 505 can be used to measure alachlor, atrazine, chlordane, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, lindane, methoxychlor, toxaphene and simazine. Method 505 can be used as a screen for PCBs.
3. Method 507: "Determination of Nitrogen-and Phosphorus-Containing Pesticides in Ground Water by Gas Chromatography with a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector." Method 507 can be used to measure alachlor, atrazine and simazine.
4. Method 508: "Determination of Chlorinated Pesticides in Water by Gas Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector." Method 508 can be used to measure chlordane, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, methoxychlor and toxaphene. Method 508 can be used as a screen for PCBs.
5. Method 508A: "Screening for Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Perchlorination and Gas Chromatography." Method 508A is used to quantitate PCBs as decachlorobiphanyl if detected in Methods 505 or 508.
6. Method 515.1: "Determination of Chlorinated Acids in Water by Gas Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector." Method 515.1 can be used to measure 2,4-D, dalapon, dinoseb, pentachlorophenol, picloram and 2,4,5-TP (Silvex).
7. Method 525.1: "Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water by Liquid-Solid Extraction and Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." Method 525.1 can be used to measure alachlor, atrazine, chlordane, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, lindane, methoxychlor, pentachlorophenol, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, simazine and toxaphene.
8. Method 531.1: "Measurement of N-Methyl Carbamoyloximes and N-Methyl Carbamates in Water by Direct Aqueous Injection HPLC with Post-Column Derivatization." Method 531.1 can be used to measure aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, carbofuran and oxamyl.
9. Method 1613: "Tetra- through Octa- Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope Dilution." Method 1613 can be used to measure 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin). This method is available from USEPA-OST, Sample Control Center, P.O. Box 1407, Alexandria, VA 22313.
10. Method 547: "Analysis of Glyphosate in Drinking Water by Direct Aqueous Injection HPLC with Post-Column Derivatization." Method 547 can be used to measure glyphosate.
11. Method 548: "Determination of Endothall in Aqueous Samples." Method 548 can be used to measure endothall.
12. Method 549: "Determination of Diquat and Paraquat in Drinking Water by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection." Method 549 can be used to measure diquat.
13. Method 550: "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and HPLC with Coupled Ultraviolet and Fluorescence Detection." Method 550 can be used to measure benzo(a)pyrene and other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
14. Method 550.1: "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Drinking Water by Liquid-Solid Extraction and HPLC with Coupled Ultraviolet and Fluorescence Detection." Method 550.1 can be used to measure benzo(a)pyrene and other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
M. Analysis for PCBs shall be conducted as follows:
1. Each system which monitors for PCBs shall analyze each sample using either Method 505 or Method 508 (see paragraph (M)(2) of this section).
2. If PCBs (as one of seven Aroclors) are detected (as designated in this paragraph) in any sample analyzed using Methods 505 or 508, the system shall reanalyze the sample using Method 508A to quantitate PCBs (as decachlorobiphenyl).
3. Compliance with the PCB MCL shall be determined based upon the quantitative results of analyses using Method 508A.
AROCLOR |
DETECTION limit (mg/l) |
1016 |
0.00008 |
1221 |
0.02 |
1232 |
0.0005 |
1242 |
0.0003 |
1248 |
0.0001 |
1254 |
0.0001 |
1260 |
0.0002 |
N. If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990, are generally consistent with the requirements of Section 22.612, then the Division may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993.
O. The Division may increase the required monitoring frequency, where necessary, to detect variations within the system (e.g., fluctuations in concentration due to seasonal use, changes in water source).
P. The Division has the authority to determine compliance or initiate enforcement action based upon analytical results and other information compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.
Q. Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated by the Division within each compliance period.
R. Detection as used in this paragraph shall be defined as greater than or equal to the following concentrations for each contaminant.
Contaminant |
Detection Limit |
Alachlor |
0.0002 |
Aldicarb |
0.0005 |
Aldicarb sulfoxide |
0.0005 |
Aldicarb sulfone |
0.0008 |
Atrazine |
0.0001 |
Benzo(a)pyrene |
0.00002 |
Carboforan |
0.0009 |
Chlordane |
0.0002 |
Dalapon |
0.001 |
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) |
0.00002 |
Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate |
0.0006 |
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
0.0006 |
Dinoseb |
0.0002 |
Diquat |
0.0004 |
2,4-D |
0.0001 |
Endothall |
0.009 |
Endrin |
0.00001 |
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) |
0.00001 |
Glyphosate |
0.006 |
Heptachlor |
0.00004 |
Heptachlor epoxide |
0.00002 |
Hexachlorobenzene |
0.0001 |
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene |
0.0001 |
Lindane |
0.00002 |
Methoxychlor |
0.0001 |
Oxamyl |
0.002 |
Picloram |
0.0001 |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (as decachlorobiphenyl) |
0.0001 |
Pentachlorophenol |
0.00004 |
Simazine |
0.00007 |
Toxaphene |
0.001 |
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) |
0.000000005 |
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) |
0.0002 |
S. Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by laboratories that have received certification buy EPA or the Division and have met the following conditions:
1. To receive certification to conduct analyses for the contaminants in Section 22.611A the laboratory must:
a. Analyze Performance Evaluation samples which include those substanacess provided by EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory or equivalent samples provided by the Division.
b. The laboratory shall achieve quantitative results on the analyses that are within the following acceptance limits:
Contaminant |
Acceptance Limits (percent) |
DBCP |
+40 |
EDB |
+40 |
Alachlor |
+45 |
Atrazine |
+45 |
Benzo(a)pyrene |
2 Standard Deviations |
Carbofuran |
+45 |
Chlordane |
+45 |
Dalapon |
2 Standard Deviations |
Di(2-Ethylhexyl)adipate |
2 Standard Deviations |
Di(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate |
2 Standard Deviations |
Dinoseb |
2 Standard Deviations |
Diquat |
2 Standard Deviations |
Endothall |
2 Standard Deviations |
Endrin |
+30 |
Glyphosate |
2 Standard Deviations |
Heptachlor |
+45 |
Heptachlor epoxide |
+45 |
Hexachlorobenzene |
2 Standard Deviations |
Hexachlorocyclopentadie ne |
2 Standard Deviations |
Lindane |
+45 |
Methoxychlor |
+45 |
Oxamyl |
2 Standard Deviations |
PCBs(as Decachlorobiphenyl) |
0 - 200 |
Picloram |
2 Standard Deviations |
Simazine |
2 Standard Deviations |
Toxaphene |
+45 |
Aldicarb |
2 Standard Deviations |
Aldicarb sulfoxide |
2 Standard Deviations |
Aldicarb sulfone |
2 Standard Deviations |
Pentachlorophenol |
+50 |
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) |
2 Standard Deviations |
2,4-D |
+50 |
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) |
+50 |
22.613 Sampling, Analytical Requirements and Compliance Determination for TTHMS: Monitoring of TTHMs for the purpose of determining compliance with the MCL listed in Section 22.611B shall be conducted as follows:
A. Community water systems which serve a population of 10,000 or more individuals and which add a disinfectant (oxidant) to the water in any part of the drinking water treatment process shall analyze for total trihalomethanes in accordance with this Section. For the purpose of this Section, the minimum number of samples required to be taken by the system shall be based on the number of treatment plants used by the system, except that multiple wells drawing raw water from a single aquifer may, with the Division's approval, be considered one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of samples. All samples taken within an established frequency shall be collected within a twenty-four (24) hour period.
B. For all community water systems utilizing surface water sources in whole or part, and for all community water systems utilizing only ground water sources that have not been determined by the Division to qualify for the monitoring requirements of paragraphs(E) and (F) of this Section, analyses for total trihalomethanes shall be performed at quarterly intervals on at least four (4) water samples from each treatment plant used by the systems. At least twenty-five (25) percent of the samples shall be taken at locations within the distribution system reflecting the maximum residence time of the water in the system. The remaining seventy-five (75) percent shall be taken at representative locations in the distribution system taking into account number of persons served, different sources of water and different treatment methods employed. The results of all analyses per quarter shall be arithmetically averaged and reported to the division within thirty (30) days of the system's receipt of such results. All samples collected shall be used in the computation of the average, unless the analytical results are invalidated for technical reasons. Sampling and analyses shall be conducted in accordance with the methods listed in paragraph H of this Section.
C. The monitoring frequency required by paragraph B of this Section may be reduced by the Division to a minimum of one (1) sample analyzed for TTHMs per quarter taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting the maximum residence time of the water in the system, upon written determination by the Division that the data from at least one (1) year of monitoring in accordance with paragraph B of this Section and local conditions demonstrate that total trihalomethane concentrations will be consistently below the PMCL.
D. If at any time during which the reduced monitoring frequency prescribed under this paragraph applies, the results from any analysis exceed 0.10 mg/L of TTHMs and such results are confirmed by at least one (1) check sample taken promptly after such results are received, or if the system makes any significant change to its source of water or treatment program, the system shall immediately begin monitoring in accordance with the requirements of paragraph B of this Section, which monitoring shall continue for at least one (1) year before the frequency may be reduced again. At the option of the Division, a system's monitoring frequency may and should be increased above the minimum in those cases where it is necessary to detect variations of TTHM levels within the distribution system.
E. The monitoring frequency required by paragraph B of this Section may be reduced by the Division for ground water supplies to a minimum of one (1) sample for maximum TTHM potential per year for each treatment plant used by the system taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting maximum residence time of the water in the system. The system shall submit to the Division the results of at least one (1) sample analyzed for maximum TTHM potential for each treatment plant used by the system taken at a point in the distribution system. The system's monitoring frequency may only be reduced by the Division when, based upon the data, the system has a maximum TTHM potential of less than 0.10 mg/L and when, based upon an assessment of local conditions of the system, the system is not likely to approach or exceed the PMCL for TTHMs. The results of all analyses shall be reported to the Division within thirty (30) days of the system's receipt of such results. All samples collected shall be used for determining whether the system must comply with the monitoring requirements of paragraphs B, C and D of this Section, unless the analytical results are invalidated for technical reasons. Sampling and analyses shall be conducted in accordance with the methods listed in paragraph (H) of this Section.
F. If at any time during which the reduced monitoring frequency prescribed under paragraph E of this Section applies, the results from any analyses taken by the system for maximum TTHM potential are equal to or greater than 0.10 mg/L, and such results are confirmed by at least one (1) check sample taken promptly after such results are received, the system shall immediately begin monitoring in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs B, C and D of this Section and such monitoring shall continue for at least one (1) year before the frequency may be reduced again. In the event of any significant change to the system's raw water or treatment program, the system shall immediately analyze an additional sample for maximum TTHM potential taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting maximum residence time of the water in the system for the purpose of determining whether the system must comply with the monitoring requirements of paragraphs B, C and D of this Section. At the option of the Division, monitoring frequencies may and should be increased above the minimum in those cases where this necessary to detect variations of TTHM levels within the distribution system.
G. Compliance with Section 22.611B shall be determined based on running annual average of quarterly samples collected by the system as prescribed in paragraphs B or C of this Section. If the average of samples covering any twelve (12) month period exceeds the PMCL, the supplier of water shall report to the Division pursuant to Section 22.40 and notify the public pursuant to Section 22.41. Monitoring after public notification shall be at a frequency designated by the Division and shall continue until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective.
H. Sampling and analyses pursuant to this Section shall be conducted by one of the following EPA approved methods:
1. "The Analysis of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Waters by the Purge and Trap Method," Method 501.1, EMSL, EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio.
2. "The Analysis of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water by Liquid/Liquid Extraction," Method 501.2, EMSL, EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Samples taken pursuant to 1 and 2 above, for TTHMs, shall be dechlorinated upon collection to prevent further production of trihalomethanes, according to the procedures described in the above two methods. Samples for maximum TTHM potential should not be dechlorinated, and should be held for seven (7) days at 25 C or above prior to analysis, according to the procedures described in the above (2) methods.
3. Any alternate analytical technique approved by the Division.
J. Before a community water system makes any significant modifications to its existing treatment process for the purposes of achieving compliance with Section 22.611B, such system must submit and obtain Division approval of a detailed plan setting forth its proposed modification and those safeguards that it will implement to ensure that the bacteriological quality of the drinking water served by such system will not be adversely affected by such modification. Each system shall comply with the provisions set forth in the Division approved plan. At a minimum, a Division approved plan shall require the system modifying its disinfection practice to:
1. Evaluate the water system for sanitary defects and evaluate the source water for biological quality.
2. Evaluate its existing treatment practice and consider improvements that will minimize disinfectant demand and optimize finished water quality throughout the distribution system.
3. Provide baseline water quality survey data of the distribution system. Such data should include the results from monitoring for coliform and fecal coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci, standard plate counts at 35ºC and 20ºC, phosphate, ammonia, nitrogen and total organic carbon. Virus studies should be required where source waters are heavily contaminated with sewage effluent.
4. Conduct additional monitoring to assure continued maintenance of optimal biological quality in finished water, for example, when chloramines are introduced as disinfectants or when pre-chlorination is being discontinued. Additional monitoring should also be required by the Division for chlorate, chlorite and chlorine dioxide when chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant. Standard plate count analyses should also be required by the division as appropriate before and after any modifications.
5. Demonstrate an active disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system at all times during and after the modification.
22.614 Sampling, Analytical Requirements and Compliance Determination for VOC's: Monitoring of the contaminants listed in Section 22.611C for the purpose of determining compliance with the MCLs shall be conducted as follows:
A. Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). If conditions warrant, the Division may designate additional sampling points within the distribution system or at the consumer's tap which more accurately determine consumer exposure. Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
B. Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at points in the distribution system that are representative of each source or at each entry point to the distribution system after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). If conditions warrant, the Division may designate additional sampling points within the distribution system or at the consumer's tap which more accurately determines consumer exposure. Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source, treatment plan, or within the distribution system. NOTE: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include systems with a combination of surface and ground surfaces.
C. If the system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water representative of all sources is being used).
D. Each community and non-transient non-community water system shall take four consecutive quarterly samples for each contaminant listed in Section 22.611C, during each compliance period beginning in the initial compliance period.
E. Groundwater and surface water systems which do not detect one of the contaminants listed in Section 22.611C after conducting the initial round of monitoring required in paragraph D of this Section may take one sample annually.
F. For groundwater and surface water systems, if the initial monitoring for contaminants listed in Section 22.611C as allowed in paragraph R of this section has been completed by December 31, 1992 and the system did not detect any contaminant listed in Section 22.611C then the system shall take one sample annually. After a minimum of three years of annual sampling, the Division may allow groundwater systems which have no previous detection of any contaminant listed in Section 22.611C to take one sample during each compliance period.
G. Each community and non-transient non-community groundwater system which does not detect a contaminant listed in Section 22.611C may apply to the Division for a waiver from the requirement of paragraph E and F of this Section after completing the initial monitoring. (For the purposes of this section, detection is defined as >0.0005 mg/L). A waiver shall be effective for no more than six years (two compliance periods).
1. The Division may also issue waivers to small systems (those serving <3,300 persons) for the initial round of monitoring for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
H. The Division may grant a waiver after evaluating the following factor(s):
1. Knowledge of previous use (including transport, storage, or disposal) of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence of the system. If a determination by the Division reveals no previous use of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence, a waiver may be granted.
2. If previous use of the contaminant is unknown or it has been used previously, then the following factors shall be used to determine whether a waiver is granted.
a. Previous analytical results.
b. The proximity of the system to potential point or non-point source of contamination. Point sources include spills and leaks of chemicals at or near a water treatment facility or at manufacturing, distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and municipal waste landfills and other waste handling or treatment facilities.
c. The environmental persistence and transport of the contaminants.
d. The number of persons served by the public water system and the proximity of a smaller system to a larger system.
e. How well the water source is protected against contamination such as whether it is a surface or groundwater system. Groundwater systems must consider factors such as depth of the well, the type of soil, and well head protection. Surface water systems must consider watershed protection.
I. As a condition of the waiver a system must take one sample at each sampling point during the time the waiver is effective (i.e., one sample during two compliance periods or six years) and update its vulnerability assessment considering the factors listed in paragraph H of this section. Based on this vulnerability assessment the Division must confirm that the system is non-vulnerable. If the Division does not make this reconfirmation within three years of the initial determination, then the waiver is invalidated and the system is required to sample annually as specified in paragraph E of this section.
J. Each community and not-transient non-community surface water system which does not detect a contaminant listed is Section 22.611C may apply to the Division for a waiver from the requirements of Paragraph F of this Section after completing the initial monitoring. Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed, provided that the detection limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL. Systems meeting this criterion must be determined by the Division to be non-vulnerable based on a vulnerability assessment during each compliance period. Each system receiving a waiver shall sample at the frequency specified by the Division (if any).
K. If a contaminant listed in Section 22.611C, excluding vinyl chloride, is detected at a level exceeding 0.0005 mg/L in any sample then:
1. The system must monitor quarterly at each sampling point which resulted in a detection.
2. The Division may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement specified in paragraph K(1) of this section provided it has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case shall the Division make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.
3. If the Division determines that the system is reliably and consistently below the MCL, the Division may allow the system to monitor annually. Systems which monitor annually must monitor during the quarter(s) which previously yielded the highest analytical result.
4. Systems which have three consecutive annual samples with no detection of a contaminant may apply to the Division for a waiver as specified in paragraph G of this section.
5. Groundwater systems which have detected one or more of the following two-carbon organic compounds: trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene or 1,1-dichloroethylene shall monitor quarterly for vinyl chloride. A vinyl chloride sample shall be taken at each sampling point at which one or more of the two-carbon organic compounds was detected. If the results of the first analysis do not detect vinyl chloride, the Division may reduce the quarterly monitoring frequency of vinyl chloride monitoring to one sample during each compliance period. Surface water systems are required to monitor for vinyl chloride as specified by the Division.
L. Systems which violate the requirements of Section 22.611C as determined by paragraph O of this section must monitor quarterly. After a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples shows the system is in compliance as specified in paragraph O of this Section, and the Division determines that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level, the system may monitor at the frequency and time specified in paragraph K (3) of this section.
M. The Division may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results. If a confirmation sample is required by the Division, the result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average is used for the compliance determination as specified by Paragraph O of this Section. The Division has the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
N. The Division may reduce the total number of samples a system must analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed, providing that the detection limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL. Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory and analyzed within 14 days of sample collection.
1. If the concentration in the composite sample is >0.0005 mg/L for any contaminant listed in Section 22.611C, then a follow-up sample must be taken and analyzed within 14 days from each sampling point included in the composite.
2. If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling point used in the composite are available, the system may use these instead of resampling. The duplicate must be analyzed and the results reported to the Division within 14 days of collection.
3. If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then compositing may only be permitted by the Division at sampling points within a single system. In systems serving <3,300 persons, the Division may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample limit is maintained.
4. Compositing samples prior to GC analysis:
a. Add 5 ml or equal larger amounts of each sample (up to 5 samples are allowed) to a 25 ml glass syringe. Special precautions must be made to maintain zero headspace in the syringe.
b. The samples must be cooled at 4o C during this step to minimize volatilization losses.
c. Mix well and draw out a 5-ml aliquot for analysis.
d. Follow sample introduction, purging and desorption steps described in the method.
e. If less than five samples are used for compositing, a proportionately small syringe may be used.
5. Compositing samples prior to GC/MS analysis:
a. Inject 5-ml or equal larger amounts of each aqueous sample (up to 5 samples are allowed) into a 25-ml purging device using the sample introduction technique described in the method.
b. The total volume of the sample in the purging device must be 25 ml.
c. Purge and desorb as described in the method.
O. Compliance with Section 22.611C shall be determined based on the analytical results obtained at each sampling point:
1. For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency greater than annual, compliance is determined by a running annual average of all samples taken at each sampling point. If the annual average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any samples below the detection limit shall be calculated as zero for purposes of determining the annual average.
2. If monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is required by the Division, the determination of compliance will be based on the average of two samples.
3. If a public water system has a distribution system separable from other parts of the distribution system with no interconnections, the Division may allow the system to give public notice to only that area served by that portion of the system which is out of compliance.
P. Analysis for the contaminants listed in Section 22.611C shall be conducted using the following EPA methods or their equivalent as approved by EPA. These methods are contained in "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water," ORD Publications, CERI, EPA/600/4-88/039. These documents are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) NTIS PB91-231480 and PB91-146027, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-free number is 1-800-336-4700.
1. Method 502.1: "Volatile Halogenated Organic Chemicals in Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography."
2. Method 502.2: "Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Photoionization and Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series."
3. Method 503.1: "Volatile Aromatic and Unsaturated Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography."
4. Method 524.1: "Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Purged Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry."
5. Method 524.2: "Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry."
Q. Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by laboratories that have received approval by EPA or the Division according to the following conditions:
1. To receive conditional approval to conduct analyses for the contaminants in Section 22.611 C, excluding vinyl chloride, the laboratory must:
a. Analyze Performance Evaluation samples which include these substances provided by EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory or equivalent samples provided by the Division.
b. Achieve the quantitative acceptance limits for at least 80 percent of the regulated organic chemicals listed in Section 22.611 C.
c. Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under paragraph (P) of this section that are within +20 percent of the actual amount of the substances in the Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or equal to 0.010 mg/L.
d. Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under paragraph (P) of this section that are within +40 percent of the actual amount of the substance in the Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is less than 0.010 mg/L.
e. Achieve a method detection limit of 0.0005 mg/L according to the procedures listed in Appendix B of 40 CFR Part 136.
(1). {Reserved}.
2. To receive certification for vinyl chloride, the laboratory must:
a. Analyze Performance Evaluation samples provided by the EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems or equivalent samples provided by the State.
b. Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under paragraph (2) (a) of this Section that are within +40 percent of the actual amount of vinyl chloride in the Performance Evaluation sample.
c. Achieve a method detection limit of 0.0005 mg/l, according to the procedures listed in Appendix B of 40 CFR Part 136.
d. Obtain certification for the contaminants listed in Section 22.611 (C).
3. Laboratories may conduct sample analysis under provisional certification until January 1, 1996.
R. The Division may allow the use of monitoring data collected after January 1, 1988 for purposes of initial monitoring compliance. If the data are generally consistent with the other requirements in this section, the Division may use those data (i.e., a single sample rather than four quarterly samples) to satisfy the initial monitoring requirement of paragraph D of this section.
1. Systems which use grandfathered samples and did not detect any contaminant listed in Section 22.611 (C), excluding vinyl chloride, shall begin monitoring annually in accordance with paragraph (F) of this Section beginning with the initial compliance period.
S. The Division may increase required monitoring where necessary to detect variations within the system.
T. Each approved laboratory must determine the method detection limit (MDL), as defined in Appendix B of 40 CFR Part 136, at which it is capable of detecting VOCs. The acceptable MDL is 0.0005 mg/L. This concentration is the detection concentration for purposes of this section.
U. Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated by the Division within each compliance period.
22.62 Unregulated Contaminants
22.621 Sampling and Analytical Methodology For Unregulated Volatile Organic Contaminants: Monitoring of the contaminants listed in Paragraph E of this Section shall be conducted as follows:
A. All CWSs and NTNCWSs shall monitor for the contaminants listed in paragraph E of this Section by the Date Specified in the table below:
System Population |
Begin No Later Than |
Greater than 10,000 |
First Calendar Quarter of 1989 |
3,300 - 10,000 |
First Calendar Quarter of 1989 |
Less than 3,300 |
First Calendar Quarter of 1991 |
B. Surface water systems shall sample in the distribution system representative of each water source or at entry points to the distribution system. The minimum number of samples in one (1) year of quarterly samples per water source.
C. Ground water systems shall sample at points of entry to the distribution system representative of each well. The minimum number of samples in one (1) sample per entry point to the distribution system.
D. The Division may require confirmation samples for positive or negative results.
E. CWSs and NTNCWSs shall monitor for the following contaminants:
Bromobenzene Dibromomethane
Bromodichloromethane m-Dichlorobenzene
Bromoform 1,1-Dichloroethane
Bromomethane 1,1-Dichloropropene
Chlorobenzene 1,3-Dichloropropene
Chlorodibromomethane 1,3-Dichloropropane
Chloroethane 2,2-Dichloropropane
Chloroform 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Chloromethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
o-chlorotoluene 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
p-chlorotoluene
F. {Reserved}
G. Analysis for the contaminants listed in Section 22.621 E and J shall be conducted using the following EPA methods or their equivalent as approved by EPA. These methods are contained in "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water," ORD Publications, CERI, EPA/600/4-88/039, December 1988. These documents are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-free number is 1-800-336-4700.
1. Method 502.1: "Volatile Halogenated Organic Chemicals in Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography."
2. Method 502.2: "Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Photoionization and electrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series."
3. Method 503.1: "Volatile Aromatic and Unsaturated Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography."
4. Method 524.1: "Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry."
5. Method 524.2: "Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry."
H. Any alternate analytical technique approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
I. Analyses for contaminants listed is 22.621 E may be conducted only by laboratories approved under Section 22.614 Q.
J. Monitoring for the following compounds is required at the discretion of the Division:
Bromochloromethane n-Propylbenzene
n-Butylbenzene Secbutylbenzene
Dichlorodifluoromethane Tertbutylbenzene
Fluorotrichloromethane 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Isopropylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
Naphthalene
22.622 Sampling and Analytical Methodology For Unregulated Synthetic and Inorganic Contaminants: Monitoring of the contaminants listed in Paragraphs (K) and (L) of this section shall be conducted as follows:
A. Each community (CWS) and non-transient, non-community (NTNCWS) water system shall take four consecutive quarterly samples at each sampling point for each contaminant listed paragraph (K) of this section and report the results to the Division. Monitoring must be completed by December 31, 1995.
B. Each CWS and NTNCWS shall take one sample at each sampling point for each contaminant listed in paragraph (L) of this section and report the results to the Division. Monitoring must be completed by December 31, 1995.
C. Each CWS and NTNCWS may apply to the Division for a waiver from the requirements of paragraphs (A) and (B) of this section.
D. The Division may grant a waiver for the requirement of paragraph (A) of this section based on the criteria specified in Section 22.614 paragraph (H). The Division may grant a waiver from the requirement of paragraph (B) of this section if previous analytical results indicate contamination would not occur, provided this data was collected after January 1, 1990.
E. Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
F. Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at points in the distribution system that are representative of each source or at each entry point to the distribution system after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
NOTE: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include systems with a combination of surface and ground sources.
G. If the system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water representative of all sources is being used).
H. The Division may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results.
I. The Division may reduce the total number of samples a system must analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed. Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory and the composite sample must be analyzed within 14 days of collection. If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then compositing may only be permitted by the Division at sampling points within a single system. In systems serving <3,300 persons, the Division may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample limit is maintained.
J. Instead of performing the monitoring required by this section, a CWS or NTNCWS serving fewer than 150 service connections may send a letter to the Division stating that the system is available for sampling. This letter must be sent to the Division by January 1, 1994. The system shall not send such sample to the Division, unless requested to do so by the Division.
K. List of Unregulated Synthetic Organic Contaminants:
Organic Contaminants |
EPA Analytical Methods |
Aldrin |
505, 508, 525 |
Butachlor |
507, 525 |
Carbaryl |
531.1 |
Dicamba |
515.1 |
Dieldrin |
505, 508, 525 |
3-Hydroxycarbofuran |
531.1 |
Methomyl |
531.1 |
Metolachlor |
507, 525 |
Metribuzin |
507, 508, 525 |
Propachlo |
507, 525 |
L. List of Unregulated Inorganic Contaminants:
|
Contaminant EPA analytical method |
(i) Sulfate Colorimetric. |
M. Any alternate analytical technique approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
22.63 Best Available Technologies (BAT)
A. The Division hereby identifies as indicated in the table below either granular activated carbon (GAC), packed tower aeration (PTA), or oxidation (OX) through chlorination or ozonation as the best technology, treatment technique, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for organic contaminants identified in Section 22.611 paragraphs (A) and (C).
BAT for Organic Contaminants Listed in
Section 22.611 (A) and (C)
Chemical |
gac |
pta |
ox |
Alachlor |
X |
||
Aldicarb |
X |
||
Aldicarb sulfone |
X |
||
Aldicarb sulfoxide |
X |
||
Atrazine |
X |
||
Benzene |
X |
X | |
Benzo(a)pyrene |
X |
||
Carbofuran |
X |
||
Carbon tetrachloride |
X |
X | |
Chlordane |
X |
||
2,4-D |
X |
||
Dalapone |
X |
||
Dibromochloropro pane (DBCP) |
X |
X | |
o-Dichlorobenzene |
X |
X |
|
1,2-Dichloroethane |
X |
X |
|
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene |
X |
X |
|
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene |
X |
X |
|
1,1-Dichloroethylene |
X |
X |
|
Dichloromethane |
X |
||
1,2-Dichloropropane |
X |
X |
|
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate |
X |
X |
|
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat e |
X |
||
Dinoseb |
X |
||
Diquat |
X |
||
Endothall |
X |
||
Endrin |
X |
||
Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) |
X |
X | |
Ethylbenzene |
X |
X | |
Glyphosate |
X | ||
Heptachlor |
X |
||
Heptachlor epoxide |
X |
||
Hexachlorobenzene |
X |
Chemical |
gac |
pta |
ox |
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene |
X |
X |
|
Lindane |
X |
||
Methoxychlor |
X |
||
Monochlorobenzene |
X |
X | |
Oxamyl (Vydate) |
X |
||
para-Dichlorobenzene |
X |
||
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) |
X |
||
Pentachlorophenol |
X |
||
Picloram |
X |
||
Simazine |
X |
||
Styrene |
X |
||
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) |
X |
X | |
Tetrachloroethylene |
X |
X | |
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene |
X |
X |
|
1,1,1-Trichloroethane |
X |
X |
|
1,1,2-Trichloroethane |
X |
X |
|
Trichloroethylene |
X |
X | |
Toluene |
X |
||
Toxaphene |
X |
X | |
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) |
X |
||
Vinyl chloride |
X |
||
Xylene |
X |
X |
B. BAT for Inorganic Contaminants Listed in Section 22.601 (A)
Chemical Name |
BAT(s) |
Antimony |
2,7 |
Asbestos |
2,3,8 |
Barium |
5,6,7,9 |
Beryllium |
1,2,5,6,7 |
Cadmium |
2,5,6,7 |
Chromium |
2,5,62,7 |
Cyanide |
5,7,10 |
Mercury |
21,4,61,71 |
Nickel |
5,6,7 |
Nitrate |
5,7,9 |
Nitrite |
5,7 |
Selenium |
1,23,6,7,9 |
Thallium |
1,5 |
1 BAT only if influent Hg concentrations <10 ug/l
2 BAT for Chromium III only.
3 BAT for Selenium IV only.
Key to BATs in Table
1 = Activated Alumina
2 = Coagulation/Filtration
3 = Direct and Diatomite Filtration
4 = Granular Activated Carbon
5 = Ion Exchange
6 = Lime Softening
7 = Reverse Osmosis
8 = Corrosion Control
9 = Electrodialysis
10 = Chlorine
11 = Ultraviolet
C. Treatment techniques for acrylamide and epichlorohydrin.
1. Each public water system must certify annually in writing to the Division (using a third party or manufacturer's certification) that when acrylamide and epichlorohydrin are used in drinking water systems, the combination (or product) of dose and monomer level does not exceed the levels specified as follows:
- Acrylamide = 0.05% dosed at 1 PPM (or equivalent).
- Epichlorohydrin = 0.01% dosed at 20 PPM (or equivalent).
22.64 Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Effective Dates:
Fluoride - October 2, 1987
Phase I (VOCs) - January 9, 1989
Phase II - July 30, 1992
Phase IIB - January 1, 1993
Phase V - January 17, 1994
SECTION 22.7 TURBIDITY AND CORROSIVITY
22.70 Turbidity MCL, Sampling and Analytical Methodology (Effective no later than June 29, 1993)
22.701 Turbidity MCL: The PMCLs for turbidity are applicable to both CWSs and NCWSs utilizing surface water sources in whole or in part. The PMCLs for turbidity in drinking water, measured at a representative entry point(s) to the distribution system are:
A. One (1) NTU, as determined by a monthly average pursuant to Section 22.702, except that five (5) or fewer NTUs may be allowed if the supplier of water can demonstrate to the Division that the higher turbidity does not do any of the following:
1. Interfere with disinfection;
2. Prevent maintenance of an effective disinfectant agent throughout the distribution system or;
3. Interfere with microbiological determinations.
B. Five (5) NTUs based on an average for two (2) consecutive days pursuant to Section 22.702.
22.702 Turbidity Sampling and Analytical Methodology:
A. Samples shall be taken by suppliers of water for both CWSs and NCWSs using surface water in whole or in part at a representative entry point(s) to the water distribution system at least once per day, for the purpose of making turbidity measurements to determine compliance with Section 22.701. The turbidity measurements shall be made by Method 214A (Nephelometric Method-Nephelometric Turbidity Units), pp. 134-136, as set forth in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1986, American Public Health Association et al., 16th edition, or any alternate analytical technique approved by the Division.
B. If the result of a turbidity analysis indicates that the MCL has been exceeded, the sampling and measurement shall be confirmed by resampling as soon as practicable and preferably within one (1) hour. If the repeat sample confirms that the MCL has been exceeded, the supplier of water shall report to the Division within forty-eight (48) hours. The repeat sample shall be the sample used for the purpose of calculating the monthly average. If the monthly average of the daily samples exceeds the MCL, or if the average of two (2) samples taken on consecutive days exceeds five (5) NTU, the supplier of water shall report to the Division and notify the public as directed in Section 22.40 and Section 22.41.
C. When required by the Division, samples shall be taken by suppliers of water for both CWSs and NCWSs utilizing ground water only, at representative points in the distribution system.
22.71 Corrosivity Sampling, Reporting and Analytical Methodology: Suppliers of water for community public water systems shall collect samples from a representative entry point to the water distribution system for the purpose of analyses to determine the corrosivity characteristics of the water.
22.711 Sampling Requirements: For water suppliers utilizing surface water wholly or in part, two (2) samples per plant are required, one (1) during mid-winter and one (1) during mid-summer. For water suppliers utilizing wholly ground water sources, one (1) sample per plant per year shall be required.
A. The minimum number of samples required to be taken by the system shall be based on the number of treatment plants used by the system, except that multiple wells drawing raw water from a single aquifer may be considered one (1) treatment plant for determining the minimum number of samples.
B. Determination of the corrosivity characteristics of the water shall include measurement of pH, calcium hardness, alkalinity, temperature, total dissolved solids (total filterable residue) and the calculation of the Langelier Index (LI) in accordance with Section 22.713A. The determination of corrosivity characteristics shall only include one (1)round of sampling (two (2) samples per plant for surface water and one sample per plant for ground water sources). However, the Division may require addition or more frequent monitoring as appropriate. In addition, the Division has the discretion to require monitoring for additional parameters which may indicate corrosivity characteristics such as sulfates and chlorides. In certain cases, the Aggressive Index (AI) as described in Section 22.713B can be used instead of the LI. The Division will make this determination. Waters exhibiting a LI of less than -2.0 or an AI of less than 10.0 shall be considered highly corrosive/aggressive.
22.712 Reporting to the Division: The supplier of water shall report to the Division the results of the analyses for corrosivity characteristics pursuant to Section 22.401.
22.713 Analytical Methodology: Analyses conducted to determine the corrosivity of the water shall be made in accordance with the following methods:
A. Langelier Index -- "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 14th Edition, Method 203, pp. 61-63.
B. Aggressive Index -- "AWWA Standard for Asbestos-Cement Pipe, 4 in. through 24 in. for Water Other Liquids," AWWA C400-77, Revision of C400-75, AWWA, Denver, Colorado.
C. Total Filterable Residue -- "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 14th Edition, Method 208B, pp. 92-92; or "Methods of Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," Method 160.1.
D. Temperature -- "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 14th Edition, Method 212, pp 125-126.
E. Calcium -- EDTA Titrimetric Method "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 14th Edition, Method 306C, pp. 189-191; or "Annual Book of ASTM Standards," Method D-1126-67B; "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," Method 215.2.
F. Alkalinity -- Methyl Orange end point pH 4.5 "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 14th Edition, Method 403, pp. 278-281; or "Annual Book of ASTM Standards," Method D1067-70B; or Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," Method 310.1.
G. pH -- "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 14th Edition, Method 424, pp. 460-465; or "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," Method 150.1; or "Annual Book of ASTM Standards," Method D-1293-78A or B.
H. Chloride -- Potentiometric Method, "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 14th Edition, p.306.
I. Sulfate -- Turbidimetric Method, "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," pp. 277-278, EPA, Office of Technology Transfer, Washington, D.C. 20460, 1974, or "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 14th Edition, pp. 496-498.
J. Any alternate analytical technique approved by the Division.
22.714 Reporting of Construction Materials: PWSs shall identify whether the following construction materials are present in their distribution system and report to the Division:
A. Lead from piping, solder, caulking, interior lining of distribution mains, alloys and home plumbing.
B. Copper from piping and alloys, service lines and home plumbing.
C. Galvanized piping, service lines and home plumbing.
D. Ferrous piping materials such as cast iron and steel.
E. Asbestos cement pipe.
F. Vinyl lined asbestos cement pipe.
G. Coal tar lined pipes and tanks.
H. In addition, the Division may require identification and reporting of other materials of construction present in distribution systems that may contribute contaminants to the drinking water.
SECTION 22.8 PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS
22.801 Water System Classification:] Regulatory Classification:
A. Class I - All public water systems shall:
1. Meet all bacteriological requirements;
2. Meet the nitrate and nitrite requirements and;
3. Conform with provisions of Section 22.5.
B. Class II - All public water systems as definted in 22.157(A) and (B) shall: which are not community water systems that regularly serve at least twenty-five (25) of the same people over six (6) months per year shall:
1. Meet all the Class I requirements and;
2. Meet all Synthetic Organic requirements and other Primary Standards and;
3. Meet all requirements of Section 22.607.
C. Class III - All public water systems as defined in 22.157 (A) and serve more than 500 service connections within the state shall: which serve fifteen (15) or more service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serve twenty-five (25) or more year-round residents shall:
1. Meet all Class I requirements and;
2. Meet all Class II requirements and;
3. Meet all other primary and secondary standards requirements.
NOTE - All public water systems should meet all secondary MCLs.
22.802 Disinfection: When it is specifically required by these regulations, or when it is deemed to be required to ensure compliance with Section 22.304 or where it is demonstrated through bacteriological testing that there is a need for disinfection, continuous disinfection shall be provided. The disinfection shall be chlorine, unless a substitute is approved prior to installation. Plans and specifications for the disinfection system shall be approved in accordance with Section 22.211. When the disinfection is instituted, it shall be operated such that a free chlorine residual of at least 0.3 mg/L is maintained throughout the water distribution system. The supplier of water shall keep accurate records of the amount of chlorine used and shall have an approved test kit for measuring both free and total chlorine residuals. The supplier of water shall be required to conduct chlorine residual testing at least daily, and shall report these results to the Division on a monthly basis in accordance with Section 22.401. If a substitute disinfectant is approved, the operational and monitoring requirements shall be specified by the Division.
SECTION 22.9 RADIOACTIVITY
22.91 Limits
22.911 Primary MCLs for Radium 226, 228 and Gross Alpha Particles:
A. The PMCL for radium 226 and 228 combined is five (5) pCi per liter.
B. The PMCL for gross particle activity (including radium 226 but excluding radon and uranium) is fifteen (15) pCi per liter.
22.912 Beta Particle and Photon Concentration Limits: The average annual concentration of beta particle and photon radioactivity for man-made radionuclides in drinking water shall not produce an annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal organ greater than four (4) millirems per year. Except for those listed in the Table below, the concentration causing four (4) millirems total body or organ dose equivalents shall be calculated on the basis of a two (2) liters per day drinking water intake using the 168 hour data listed in "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure," NBS Handbook 69 as amended August 1963, U.S. Department of Commerce. If two (2) or more radionuclides are present, the sum of their annual dose equivalent to the total body or to any organ shall not exceed four (4) millirems per year.
Average Annual Concentrations Assumed to Produce a Total Body or Organ dose of 4 Millirems/Year
Radionuclide Critical Organ pCi/L
Tritium Total Body 20,000
Strontium Bone Marrow 8
22.92 Sampling-Monitoring Frequency:
22.921 Monitoring Frequency: Compliance with Section 22.911 shall be based on the analyses of an annual composite of four (4) consecutive quarterly samples or the average of the analyses of four samples obtained at quarterly intervals. At the discretion of the Division, when an annual record taken in accordance with Section 22.911 has established that the average annual concentration is less than one (1) half of the PMCL under 22.911, analyses of a single sample may be substituted for the quarterly sampling procedure specified herein. A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted for the required radium 226 and 228 analysis provided that the measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed five (5) pCi/liter. If this limit is exceeded, the same or an equivalent sample shall be analyzed for radium 226. If the concentration of radium 226 exceeds three (3) pCi/L, the same or an equivalent sample shall be analyzed for radium 228. The water supply shall be monitored at least once every four (4) years. More frequent monitoring may be required by the Division if it is deemed necessary. A CWS using two (2) or more sources, having different concentrations or radioactivity, shall monitor source water, in addition to water from a free flowing tap, when ordered by the Division. If the average annual PMCL for gross alpha particle activity or total radium as set forth in Section 22.911 is exceeded, the supplier shall give notice to the Division pursuant to Section 22.40 and notify the public as required by Section 22.41. Monitoring at quarterly intervals shall be continued until the annual average concentration no longer exceeds the PMCL or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective.
22.922 Surface Water Systems Serving a Population Greater than 100,000: Surface water systems serving a population greater than 100,000 and such other CWSs are designated by the Division shall be monitored for compliance with Section 22.912 by analyses of four (4) consecutive quarterly samples or analyses of a composite of four (4) consecutive quarterly samples. Compliance with Section 22.912 may be assumed without further analysis if the average annual concentration of gross beta particle activity is less than fifty (50) pCi/liter and if the average annual concentrations of tritium and strontium-90 are less than those listed in the table shown above, provided that if both radionuclides are present, the sum of their annual dose equivalents to bone marrow shall not exceed four (4) millirem/year. If the gross beta particle activity exceeds fifty (50) pCi/liter, an analysis of the sample must be performed to identify the major radioactive constituents present and the appropriate organ and total body doses shall be calculated to determine compliance with Section 22.912. Supplies shall be monitored at least once every four (4) years and more often if deemed necessary by the Division.
22.923 Utilizing Water Contaminated By Effluents from Nuclear Facilities: Any CWS designated by the Division as utilizing waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities shall initiate quarterly monitoring for gross beta particles and iodine-131 radioactivity and annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium. Quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle activity shall be based on the analyses of monthly samples. If the gross beta particle activity in a sample exceeds fifteen (15) pCi/liter, the same or an equivalent sample shall be analyzed for Sr-89 and Cs-134. If the gross beta particle activity exceeds fifty (50) pCi/liter, an analysis of the sample must be performed to identify the major radioactive constituents present and the appropriate organ or total body doses shall be calculated to determine compliance with Section 22.912. For I-131, a composite of five (5) consecutive daily samples shall be analyzed for each quarter. As ordered by the Division, more frequent monitoring shall be conducted when iodine-131 is identified in the finished water. Annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium shall be conducted by means of analyses of a composite of four (4) consecutive quarterly samples. If the average annual PMCL for man-made radioactivity set forth in Section 22.912 is exceeded, the operator of the CWS shall give notice to the Division pursuant to Section 22.40 and to the public as required by Section 22.41. Monitoring at monthly intervals shall be continued until the concentration no longer exceeds the PMCL or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective.
22.924 Analytical Methodology:
A. The methods specified in Interim Radiochemical Methodology for Drinking Water, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, EPA-600/4-75-008, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, or those listed below are to be used to determine compliance with Section 22.911 and 22.912:
1. Gross Alpha and Beta - Method 302 "Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity in Water," Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th Edition, American Public Health Association, New York, NY, 1971.
2. Total Radium - Method 304 " Radium in Water by Precipitation" Ibid.
3. Radium-226 - Method 305 "Radium-226 by Radon in Water," Ibid.
4. Strontium-89, 90 - Method 303 "Total Strontium and Strontium-90 in Water," Ibid.
5. Tritium - Method 306 "Tritium in Water," Ibid.
6. Cesium-134 - ASTM D-2459 "Gamma Spectrometry in Water," 1975 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Water and Atmospheric Analysis, Part 31, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1975.
7. Uranium - ASTM D-2907 "Microquantities of Uranium in Water by Fluorometry," Ibid.
B. When the identification and measurement of radionuclides other than those listed in paragraph A are required, the following references are to be used:
1. Procedures for Radiochemical Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Aqueous Solution, H.L. Krieger and S. Gold, EPA-R4-73-074. U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1973.
2. HASL Procedure Manual, Edited by John H. Harley. HASL 300 ERDA health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY, 1973.
C. For the purpose of monitoring radioactivity concentrations in drinking water, the required sensitivity of the radioanalyses is defined in terms of a detection limit. The detection limit shall be that concentration which can be counted with a precision of plus or minus one hundred (100) percent at the ninety-five (95) percent confidence level (1.96 - where - is the standard deviation of the net counting rate of the sample).
1. To determine compliance with Section 22.911A, the detection limit shall not exceed one (1) pCi/L. To determine compliance with Section 22.911B, the detection limit shall not exceed three (3) pCi/L.
2. To determine compliance with Section 22.912, the detection limits shall not exceed the concentrations listed in the Table below.
Detection Limits for Man-Made Beta Particle and Photon Emitters:
Radionuclide |
Detection Limit |
Tritium |
1,000 pCi/L |
Strontium-89 |
10p Ci/L |
Strontium-90 |
2 pCi/L |
Iodine-131 |
1 pCi/L |
Cesium-134 |
10 pCi/L |
Gross Beta |
4 pCi/L |
Other radionuclides |
1/10 of the applicable limit |
D. To judge compliance with the PMCLs listed in Sections 22.911 and 22.912, the averages of data shall be used and shall be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the PMCL for the substance in question.
E. Any other alternate analytical technique approved by the Division may also be used.
SECTION 22.10 SURFACE WATER TREATMENT RULE
22.1001 Untreated Water: The use of untreated (without filtration and disinfection) surface water or untreated ground water under the direct influence of surface water shall be prohibited.
22.1002 General Requirements: Each public water system with a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water must be operated by qualified personnel who meet the requirements of the Division and must provide treatment of that source water that complies with these treatment technique requirements. The treatment technique requirements consist of installing and properly operating water treatment processes which reliably achieve:
A. At least 99.9 percent (3-log) removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts between a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer; and
B. At least 99.99 percent (4-log) removal and/or inactivation of viruses between a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer.
22.1003 Disinfection: Each public water system with a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water must provide treatment consisting of both filtration as specified in Section 22.1004 and disinfection as follows:
A. The disinfection treatment must be sufficient to ensure that the total treatment processes of that system achieve at least 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation and/or removal of Giardia lamblia cysts and at least 99.99 percent (4-log) inactivation and/or removal of viruses, as determined by the Division.
B. The residual disinfectant concentration in the water entering the distribution system, measured as specified in Section 22.1005 cannot be less than 0.3 mg/L for more than four (4) hours.
C. The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution system, measured as total chlorine, combined chlorine, or chlorine dioxide, as specified in Section 22.1005 cannot be undetectable in more than five (5) percent of the samples each month, for any two (2) consecutive months that the system serves water to the public. Water in the distribution system with a heterotrophic bacteria concentration less than or equal to five hundred (500) per milliliter, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) as specified in Section 22.1006, is deemed to have a detectable disinfectant residual for purposes of determining compliance with this requirement. Thus, the value V in the following formula cannot exceed five (5) percent in one (1) month, for any two (2) consecutive months.
V = c + d + e X 100
a + b
where: a = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured;
b = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but HPC is measured;
c = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
d = number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where the HPC is >500/ml; and
e = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml.
If the Division determines, based on site specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by an approved laboratory under the requisite time and temperature conditions specified in Section 22.1006, and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of this Subsection do not apply.
22.1004 Filtration: Each public water system with a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water must provide treatment consisting of both disinfection as specified in Section 22.1003 and filtration that complies with any one (1) of the following by June 29, 1993:
A. Conventional Filtration or Direct Filtration - For systems using conventional filtration or direct filtration, the turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered must be less than or equal to 0.5 NTU in at least ninety-five (95) percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as specified in Section 22.1006, except that if the Division determines that the system is capable of achieving at least 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts at some turbidity level higher than 0.5 NTU in at least ninety-five (95) percent of the measurements taken each month, the Division may substitute this higher turbidity limit for that system. However, in no case may the Division approve a turbidity limit that allows more than one (1) NTU in more than five (5) percent of the samples taken each month, measured as specified in Section 22.1006. The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must at no time exceed five (5) NTU, measured as specified in Section 22.1006.
B. Slow Sand Filtration - For systems using slow sand filtration, the turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must be less than or equal to one (1) NTU in at least ninety-five (95) percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as specified in Section 22.1006, except that if the Division determines there is no significant interference with disinfection at a higher turbidity level, the Division may substitute the higher turbidity limit for that system.
C. Diatomaceous Earth Filtration - For systems using diatomaceous earth filtration, the turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must be less than or equal to one (1) NTU in at least ninety-five (95) percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as specified in Section 22.1006. The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must at no time exceed five (5) NTU, measured as specified in Section 22.1006.
D. Other Filtration Technologies - A public water system may use a filtration technology not listed in this Section if it demonstrates to the Division, using pilot plant studies or other means, that the alternative filtration technology, in combination with disinfection treatment that meets the requirements of Section 22.1003, consistently achieves 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent removal and/or inactivation of viruses. For a system that makes this demonstration, the requirements of paragraph B of this Section apply.
22.1005 Monitoring Requirements: - A public water system that uses a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water must monitor in accordance with the following by June 29, 1993:
A. Turbidity measurements as required by Section 22.1004 must be performed on representative samples of the system's filtered water at least every four (4) hours that the system serves water to the public. A public water system may substitute continuous turbidity monitoring for grab sample monitoring if it validates the continuous measurement for accuracy on a regular basis using a protocol approved by the Division. For any systems using slow sand filtration or filtration treatment other than conventional treatment, direct filtration or diatomaceous earth filtration, the Division may reduce the sampling frequency to once per day if it determines that less frequent monitoring is sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance. For systems serving five hundred (500) or fewer persons, the Division may reduce the turbidity sampling frequency to once per day, regardless of the type of filtration treatment used, if the Division determines that less frequent monitoring is sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance.
B. The residual disinfectant concentration of the water entering the distribution system must be monitored continuously, and the lowest value must be recorded each day, except that if there is a failure in the continuous monitoring equipment, grab sampling every four (4) hours may be conducted in lieu of continuous monitoring, but for no more than five (5) working days following the failure of the equipment, and systems serving 3,300 or fewer persons may take grab samples in lieu of providing continuous monitoring on an ongoing basis at the frequencies each day prescribed below:
System Population Samples/Day*
<500 1
501-1,000 2
System Population Samples/Day*
1,001-2,500 3
2,501-3,300 4
*The day's samples cannot be taken at the same time. The sampling intervals are subject to Division review and approval.
If at any time the residual disinfectant concentration falls below 0.3 mg/L in a system using grab sampling in lieu of continuous monitoring, the system must take a grab sample every four (4) hours until the residual disinfectant concentration is equal to or greater than 0.3 mg/L.
C. The residual disinfectant concentration must be measured at least at the same points in the distribution system and at the same time as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in Section 22.5, except that the Division may allow a public water system which uses both a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water, and a ground water source to take disinfectant residual samples at points other than the total coliform sampling points if the Division determines that such points are more representative of treated (disinfected) water quality within the distribution system. Heterotrophic bacteria, measured as HPC as specified in Section 22.1006, may be measured in lieu of residual disinfectant concentration. If the Division determines, based on site specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by an approved laboratory under the requisite time and temperature conditions specified in Section 22.1006 and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of this Subsection do not apply.
22.1006 Analytical Methodology - Only the analytical method(s) specified in this Section, or otherwise approved by EPA, may be used to demonstrate compliance with Sections 22.1002, 22.1003 and 22.1004. Measurement for pH, temperature, turbidity and residual disinfectant concentration must be conducted by a party approved by the Division. Measurements for total coliforms, fecal coliforms and HPC must be conducted by an approved laboratory. Until laboratory approval criteria are developed for the analysis of HPC and fecal coliforms, any laboratory approved for total coliform analysis is deemed approved for HPC and fecal coliform analysis. The following procedures shall be performed in accordance with the publications listed in the following Section. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies of the methods published in Standard Methods published in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater may be obtained from the American Public Health Association et al. 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW., Washington, D.C. 20005; copies of the Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG Method as set forth in the article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for the Simultaneous Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli from Drinking Water: Comparison with the Standard Multiple Tube Fermentation Method" (Edberg et al), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 54, pp.1595-1601, June 1988 (as amended under Erratum, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 54, p. 3197, December 1988), may be obtained from the American Water Works Association Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Ave., Denver, Colorado 80235; and copies of the Indigo Method as set forth in the article "Determination of Ozone in Water by the Indigo Method" (Bader and Hoigne), may be obtained from Ozone Science and Engineering, Pergammon Press Ltd., Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523. Copies may be inspected at the U.S.E.P.A., Room EB15, 401 M Street SW., Washington, D.C. 20460 or at the Office of the Federal register, 1100 L Street, NW., Room 8401, Washington, D.C.
A. Total Coliform Concentration - See Section 22.52.
B. Fecal Coliform Concentration - See Section 22.52.
C. Heterotrophic Plate Count - Method 907A (Pour Plate Method), ,pp. 864-866, as set forth in Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Wastewater, 1986, American Public Health Association et al., 16th edition.
D. Turbidity - See Section 22.702A
E. Residual Disinfectant Concentration - Residual disinfectant concentrations for free chlorine and combined chlorine (chloramines) must be measured by Method 408C (Amperometric Titration Method), pp. 303-306, Method 408D (DPD Ferrous Titrametric Method), pp. 306-309, Method 408E (DPD Colorimetric Method), pp. 309-310, or Method 408F (Leuco Crystal Violet Method), pp. 310-313, as set forth in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1985, American Public Health Association et al., 16th edition. Residual disinfectant concentrations for free chlorine and combined chlorine may also be measured by using DPD colorimetric test kits if approved by the Division. Residual disinfectant concentration for ozone must be measured by the Indigo Method as set forth in Bader, H., Hoigne, J., "Determination of Ozone in Water by the Indigo Method; A submitted Standard Method"; Ozone Science and Engineering, Vol. 4 pp. 169-176, Pergammon Press Ltd., 1982, or automated methods which are calibrated in reference to the results obtained by the Indigo Method on a regular basis, if approved by the Division (NOTE - This method will be published in the 17th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1985, American Public Health Association et al., the Iodometric Method in the 16th edition may not be used). Residual disinfectant concentrations for chlorine dioxide must be measured by Method 410B (Amperometric Method) or Method 410C (DPD Method), pp. 322-324, as set forth in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1985, American Public Health Association et al., 16th edition.
F. Temperature - Method 212 (Temperature), pp. 126-127, as set forth in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1985, American Public Health Association et al., 16th edition.
G. pH - Method 423 (pH Value), pp. 429-437, as set forth in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1985, American Public Health Association et al., 16th edition.
1. "Methods of Chemical analysis of Water and Wastes," EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 (EPA-600/4-79-020), March 1985. Available fromORD Publications, CERI, EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
2. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 11.01, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19013.
3. "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 16th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, 1985.
4. "Methods for Determination of Inorganic Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments," Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey Books, Chapter A1, 1985, Open-File Report 85-495. Available from Open-File Services Section, Wester Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 306 Box 24525, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225.
5. "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater. Industrial Method #129-71 W." Technicon Industrial Systems. Tarrytown, New York 10591, December 1972.
6. "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater," Technicon Industrial Systems. Tarrytown, New York 10591, February 1976.
7. "Orion Guide to Water and Wastewater Analysis." Form WeEEG/5880, p. 5, 1985. Orion Research, Inc, Cambridge, Maryland.
8. "Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Analysis of Drinking Water," Appendix to Method 200.7, September 1985. U.S.E.P.A. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
9. The addition of 1 mL of 30% of H202 to each 100 mL of standards and samples is required before analysis.
10. Prior to dilution of the Arsenic and Selenium calibration standards, add 2 mL of 30% H202 for each 100 mL of standard.
11. For approved analytical procedures for metals, the technique applicable to total metals must be used.